Theory on Narratology Review of Related Theories
exists outside of a story and has the privilege of being able to inform about the details of all characters in the story to the readers Keen, 2003:38.
Seeing that the relations between the first person narrators with other characters inside the story and between the third person narrators with the
characters inside the story are different, Genette give two categorizations of the different. The first person narrator which is also a character inside the story is
called homodiegetic narrator or internal narrator and the third person narrator who resides outside the story world is called heterodiegetic narrator or external narrator
Genette, 1983: 244-245. Another distinction of narrator is based on the degree of personification of
the narrator. There are two kinds of narrator based on his or her personification. The first is overt narrator which is a narrator who announces his or her presence to
the readers through self reference. The second is covert narrator which is a narrator who does not show any signs of personalities and only provides speech
tags, indicates setting and temporal movements, identifies characters, and narrates actions Keen, 2003:40.
The description of narrator and point of view becomes more complicated when the author employs more than one narrator. These multiple narrators may
exist parallel to one another though they do not know the existence of other narrators, or the narrator exist inside another narrator‟s story. There are two
possibilities when a character started their own narrations. The first is the use of straightforward first-person narration and the second is the use of secondary or
tertiary narration which occurs when a character in another‟s narration becomes a narrator in his or her own right Keen, 2003:41-42.