Theory on Narratology Review of Related Theories

exists outside of a story and has the privilege of being able to inform about the details of all characters in the story to the readers Keen, 2003:38. Seeing that the relations between the first person narrators with other characters inside the story and between the third person narrators with the characters inside the story are different, Genette give two categorizations of the different. The first person narrator which is also a character inside the story is called homodiegetic narrator or internal narrator and the third person narrator who resides outside the story world is called heterodiegetic narrator or external narrator Genette, 1983: 244-245. Another distinction of narrator is based on the degree of personification of the narrator. There are two kinds of narrator based on his or her personification. The first is overt narrator which is a narrator who announces his or her presence to the readers through self reference. The second is covert narrator which is a narrator who does not show any signs of personalities and only provides speech tags, indicates setting and temporal movements, identifies characters, and narrates actions Keen, 2003:40. The description of narrator and point of view becomes more complicated when the author employs more than one narrator. These multiple narrators may exist parallel to one another though they do not know the existence of other narrators, or the narrator exist inside another narrator‟s story. There are two possibilities when a character started their own narrations. The first is the use of straightforward first-person narration and the second is the use of secondary or tertiary narration which occurs when a character in another‟s narration becomes a narrator in his or her own right Keen, 2003:41-42.

4. Narrative Level

The last element which construct narrative situation of a story is the narrative level. Narrative level mainly deals with the process of fictional world making. This fictional world is a world created automat ically in the reader‟s mind when they are reading a story. Inside this fictional world, which may be described briefly or elaborately, resides the characters and events and stories happen. In some cases, a narrative demands its readers to imagine a world inside a world when a character inside a story becomes the narrator of their own story Keen, 2003:108. When a character becomes a narrator for their own story he or she automatically becomes a secondary narrator and thus creates a new imaginative story world inside the primary story world. This secondary narrative that exists inside the primary narrative is called embedded story, which signals the initiation of a new narrative level. Embedded story is placed inside the primary story for some reasons. It can be functioned as an explanation of a backstory, as a prediction, establishing thematic relationships throughout the story, or as persuasive or revelatory tools Keen, 2003:111-112. The level of a narrative text is divided into three levels by Genette, extradiegetic, diegetic, and metadiegetic. Extradiegetic is the act of narrating the first story while diegetic, also called intradiegetic, is the act of narrating the