and phonology. The textual knowledge is used to understand and form spoken text. The textual knowledge involves the knowledge of cohesion and
the knowledge of rhetorical or conversational organization. The pragmatic knowledge
covers Functional Knowledge and Sociolinguistic Knowledge. Penny McKay
states the functional knowledge enables the learners to interpret relationships between utterances or sentences and texts and the intentions of language users.
This knowledge includes the learners knowledge about how to express or interpret meaning in terms of their experience of the world and to creat imaginary world.
The social knowledge enables the learners to use language to create or interpret language that is appropriate to a particular language setting. This knowledge
covers the use of an appropriate oral language in a certain situation or language settings.
2. The Test Prototype
This section explains the answer of the second research questions that is what the instrument model used to measure the students’ spoken competence is
like. The iconic or test model consists of two main parts, the listening part and the speaking part. The listening part is administered in 40 minutes and 7 to 10
minutes for each students in the speaking part. There are 27 items of spoken English test to figure out the elementary school students’ competence.
a. Listening Test
The listening test consists of 25 items which is divided into five part. Each part consists of 5 items. It is designed in such a way in order to avoid the
students boredom. Since the test takers are children who have short span of time, therefore each part of the listening part only consists of 5 test items and the task
types are also varied. There are 3 task types in the listening part, they are multiple choice, matching, and answering. Multiple choice items required the children to
choose the correct anwer by giving a tick. In matching task children are required to draw a line to match each picture with the correct situation. While answering
task type, children write the correct answer based on the information they have heard. The topics chose for the test are familiar with the students world such as
family, food, home activities, clothes, and school activities. The topics are selected such a way because their language knowledge are still limited and the
researcher consider English as foreign language for children in Indonesia. It means most of them study English only at school so their exposure to English is
also limited. Moreover, listening skill is rarely taught in school in specific. For children in Indonesia it is adequate when they understand and able to respond
appropriately other’s speaking. From the findings can be seen most of the students could give the expected responses. Most of the students gave correct answers.
Considering to the children characteristics thus the test items present the colourful lay out and pictures. It is intended to make them more interesting to the
children and decrease the children’s stress. First impression is important for the children because their emotional is easy to change. Therefore, the test given must
be friendly to keep them in a positive situation. It means when children do a test they must be in the positive atmosphere. A positive situation will motivate and
challenge them to have good performance. It is important that a test must make
the children grow well and they will be more developed. Moreover the six grader are in concrete operational stage of cognitive development therefore most of the
test items use the picture to represent the concrete objects. To be fair for all children the picture choosen represent children with different cultural background
and condition. For example the picture on the test items represent the children with different hair, skin colour, and physical appearance such as disabled children.
From the findings it was found listening part 1, 2, and 4 were categorised as poor which the score of the level difference lies between 0.00 – 0.20. It means
test results showed there were no significant differences between the students who were in the upper group and lower group. It showed students’ competence is more
or less in the same level. Almost all of the students do the test correctly and it indicates the test items are very easy for the students. Therefore, the test items
need to be revised. While listening part 3 and 5 are categorized satisfactory and good. The score of the level difference lies above 0.20. It shows there is also
significant difference between the upper group and the lower group. The test items do not need to be revised.
b. Speaking Test
