Research Instrument Source Domain, Target Domain, CorrespondencesMappings

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3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis

In this research, the technique of data collecting will use bibliography technique teknik kepustakaan. According to Subroto, this technique used written sources to collect data. 10 Using semantic field in data collecting therefore the relevant data will be included with the context sentence in each data. The data are collected by using written sources that is National Apology text speech to obtain data. The metaphorical language will be observed directly, it will be noted into data cards based on National Apology text speech delivered by Kevin Rudd. When collecting data cards are complete, then data cards will be shuffled and picked up randomly. After that, the chosen data will be classified based on the concepts which are found in the metaphorical linguistic expression. After the classification of the data based on the concept has done, the next step is finding the systematicity of metaphorical sentence to see the relation between source domain and target domain in the concept. The last is identifying the meaning of the metaphorical sentence used in National Apology text speech.

4. Research Instrument

The research instrument used on this research is the data card that contain data which taken from National Apology speech text that has metaphorical language. 10 D. Edi Subroto, Pengantar Metode Penelitian Linguistik Struktural Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press, 1992, p. 42 6

5. Analysis Unit

The unit of analysis of this study is „National Apology‟ text speech by Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd on February 13, 2008. 11 11 Sydney Morning Herald. Acessed on August 5, 2014. http: www. smh.auarticles200802131202760379056.html. 7

CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Description

A. Previous Studies In this part of theoretical description, this is not the only one research that discusses about metaphor, because five previous researches that have the same discussion are found. The first research comes from Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah 2011 entitled “ An Analysis of Metaphor and Metonymy on Stephanie Meyer‟s Novel Breaking Dawn”. This research is focused on metaphor and metonymy in breaking dawn novel. Some types of metaphor and metonymy are found in this research. 12 The same theory has been used by a student of English Letter from Widyatama University Tania Azhar 2013 entitled “ An Analysis of metaphor „Argument is War‟ in Business News of English Newspaper: A Semantic Study ”. In this research, the theory that applied is correlated with semantic field, such as mappings and offense-defense metaphor. The research findings shows that metaphoric language utterance of war terms based on metphor mappings. The dominant metaphor that found is offensive category. 13 Another research wrote by a student of English Letters student from Widyatama University, Mila Puspitasari 2013 entitled “An Analyze of 12 Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “An Analysis of Metaphor and Metonymy on Stephenie Meyer‟s Novel Breaking Dawn”, Faculty of Letters and Humanity, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011. 13 Tania Azhar, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “ An Analysis of Metaphor „Argument is War‟ in Business News of English Newspaper: A Semantic Study”, Fakultas Bahasa, Universitas Widyatama Bandung, 2013. 8 M etaphor Ontology on Stephenie Meyer‟s Novel The Twilight New Moon and The Twilight Eclipse”. This research is aimed to describe and analyze the ontology metaphor into four metaphor category such as: a events, activities, and states are entities, b event, activities, and states are containers, and c visual fields are containers. This research has gained the outcome that states are entities are dominant data. 14 Another research about metaphor has been analyzed by Ida Vestermark entitled Metaphors in Politics: A Study of the Metaphorical Personification of America in Political Discourse . This paper observed the conceptual metaphors of personification in American inaugural addresses, for what the metaphor are used and what do they suggest to the audience. The analysis proved that all presidents used metaphors in personalizing America to activate the emotions of the listener. The analysis also revealed the importance of interpreting metaphors based on the context, because sometimes the language not always interprets metaphorically. 15 The last analysis wrote by Bintarti Mayang Sari, a student from University of Indonesia, with the title Metafora Dalam Pidato Charles De Gaulle Pada Perang Dunia II. The analysis focused on metaphor categorization and its meaning from an independence speech delivered by a French politician named De Gaulle, using Lakoff and Johnson conceptual 14 Mila Puspitasari, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “ An Analyze of Metaphor Ontology on Stephenie Meyer‟s Novel The Twilight New Moon and The Twilight Eclipse”. Fakultas Bahasa, Universitas Widyatama Bandung, 2013. 15 I da Vestermark, Extended Essay: “Metaphors in Politics Essay; A Study of The Metaphorical Personification of America in Political Discourse”, Department of Language and Culture, Luleå University of Technology, 2007. 9 metaphor theory to show how a politics speech can be easier to understand by the listener and also can be easier to deliver by De Gaulle to share his concepts and point of view toward the actual situation in France. In this analysis, there are several concepts of metaphor used by De Gaulle to made French society easier to access De Gaulle‟s message. Metaphor in his speech showed the concept of his state of mind as a leader of French, toward the complicated actual situation in World War II to achieve real independence. 16 Finally, from t he previous researches above haven‟t mentioned the structure of metaphorical language; therefore this is the obvious reason why this research will be seen as newer and interesting research to analyze. . B. Meaning In the study of meaning, it can not be apart from kind of meaning called literal meaning. The literal meaning of a linguistics expression is its conventional meaning: the maeaning it has in virtue of the conventions which are constitutive of the language. Thus, understood literal meaning is a property of the expression type; for it is the expression type which the conventions of the language endow with a particular meaning. 17 Whenever the meaning which the expression actually conveys departs, from that literal meaning, it is said to be „non-literal‟, in ordinary sense of term, non-literal meaning contrast with normal meaning. Non-literal meaning is special, it involves a form of 16 Binarti Mayang Sari, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “Metafora Dalam Pidato Charles De Gaulle Pada Perang Dunia II”, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, University of Indonesia, 2012. 17 Francois Recanati, Literal Meaning Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 68 10 deviance or departure from the norm; a form of deviance or departure which must be transparent to language users. 18 If people hear someone says “there goes a fox” it is refer to literal meaning that there is a wild animal of the dog with red fur and a bushy tail, but if people hear someone says, “the fox is promised to help her” the listener have to refer to the non-literal meaning because that is impossible for fox to help a human, but if they force to take to the literal meaning that the fox here means a wild animal of the dog with red fur and bushy tail the meaning will become illogical. However, if the listener is refer to somebody that full of trick, the meaning will be accepted. The paradigm case of literal meaning is metaphor. Cognitive linguists reject the so called substitution theory of metaphor according to which a metaphorical expression replaces some literal expression that has the same meaning. However, metaphorical meaning has a special character that distinguishes it from any literal meaning, it has the same range of basic functions as literal meaning. Thus, many metaphorical expression have a heavy load of expressive meaning. But so do literal expressions. In other words, metaphorical meaning is not, at least in basic functional respect, a special kind of meaning: it is rather the case that metaphor is the result of special process for arriving at, or construing a meaning. 19 18 Ibid., p. 81 19 William Croft and D. Alan Cruse, Cognitive Linguistics Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 194 11 C. Concepts Saeed described concepts as follows “The sense of the some words, while mental, is not visual, but a more abstract element: a concept. ” 20 However, another definition of concept is taken, acording to Oxford dictionary the definition of concepts is as follows: “Concepts is an idea or mental image which corresponds to some distinct entity or class of entities, or to its essential features, or determines the application of terms especially predicates.” 21 Thus, concepts is a mental image or mental abstract that refers to an entity and equal with the meaning of the word. As stated by Saeed that concepts are corresponds to single word, that are lexicalized. 22 To make it clearer the writer takes the example as follows: a We‟re designing a device for cooking food by microwaves. From the example above, the word microwave is two-word label from the word micro-wave oven, but is now usually called just a microwave. Microwave is a concept which is lexicalized from the understanding of a tool that is used for cooking and warmimg food. Moreover, not all concepts are like this, some concepts are described by phrase. The following example will be describe the concepts by phrase: b On the shopping channel, I saw a tool for compacting dead leaves into garden statuary. 20 John Saeed, Op. Cit., p. 34 21 Oxford Dictionary 22 John Saeed Op. Cit., p.34 12 From the example above, the concepts views from the usability. If every home ends up having a tool to turn leaves into statues, a name for it will be invented when new concepts or new words were given to them. However, Saeed stated that concept views as list of knowledge. If we have concept like zebra, we might agree with some attribute that is an animal, has four legs, is striped, and is herbivore. 23 Thus, from the explanation before it can be concluded that concept is a mental image of the entities that relate to one another and form a meaning. D. Cognitive Metaphor or Conceptual Approach According to Lakoff and Johnson conceptual metaphor is the understanding of one thing to another term. 24 Conceptual metaphor is a system of metaphor that structures everyday conceptual system, including most abstract concepts that lie behind everyday language 25 . Thus, conceptual system plays a central role in defining realities. In conceptual metaphor, one mental domains in terms of another have conceptualized. Conceptual metaphor employs an abstract concept as target to define a concrete concept as source 26 . The ordinary conceptual systems in terms of how thought and action are fundamentally metaphorical in nature. In addition, Lakoff and Johnson stated that metaphor governs everyday functioning, perceive concept what have been structured, how view the world, and how 23 Ibid., p. 35 24 George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Op.Cit., p. 56 25 Geoge Lakoff, Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, 1992, p.3 26 Zoltan Kovescses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 7 13 relate to other people. 27 Metaphors are closely corresponding to human conceptual system. To make it clearer the writer takes the examples from Lakoff and Johnson of what it could mean for a concept to be metaphorical and concept to structure an everyday activity. 28 The writer takes the example with the concept “Argument” from conceptual metaphor “Argument is War”. This metaphor is reflected in everyday language by a many varieties expression such as: He attacked every weak point in my argument. He shots down all of my argument. I demolished his argument. Your claims are indefensible. I‟ve never won an argument with her. Many of the things in arguing are partially structured by the concept of war. In fact, as it can be seen, people do not just talk about arguments in term of war but it influences from they thought because that conceptual structures. Someone can actually win or lose arguments, plan and use strategies. If a position is indefensible, it can abandon and take a new line of attack. However, in this sense Argument is War structures the action performs in arguing and of course the term it is influenced by culture. Therefore, there is similarity between conceptual system and experience. The way people talk about argument that way because 27 George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Op.Cit., p. 4 28 Ibid., p. 4 14 they conceive that way and they act according to the way they conceive things. From the example above there is similarity between the concept of Argument and the concept of War. According to Knowles and Moon, dead metaphor is sometimes used to refer to conventional metaphor, especially those which people do not recognize as metaphorical in ordinary use. 29 For instance, my spirits rose is a part of up-down metaphor structure, Happy is Up. 30 According to conceptual metaphor, this metaphor will be extended like uppers that means stimulant recreational drugs and downers means tranquillizers. Metaphor helps to understand something abstract. However, most people think that they can get along without metaphor. Yet, on the contrary they finds that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life. Generally, conceptual system naturally comes from the thought. Thus, conceptual system plays a central role in defining everyday realities. Moreover, according to Reddy in Lakoff explained that metaphor is part of conventional way of conceptualizing the world, and everyday behavior that have reflected metaphorical understanding of experience 31 . Therefore, it can be conclude that conceptual system is largely metaphorical but it has not been noticed by human thought processes. 29 Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Op.Cit., p 5 30 Saaed, Op.Cit., p. 156 31 George Lakoff. Op.Cit., p. 2 15 E. Systemacity of Metaphorical Concepts According to Lakoff and Johnson, there are some terms used to analyzing the elements involved in conceptual metaphor. 32 Conceptual metaphor equates two conceptual ideas, those are source domain and target domain. Conceptual metaphor also sees connection between in terms of correspondences or mapping between source and target domain, highlighting and hiding. The following explanation will describe the elements of conceptual metaphor.

1. Source Domain, Target Domain, CorrespondencesMappings

Knowles and Moon stated that conceptual metaphor equates two concept domains as in Argument is War. 33 The term source domain is used for the concept area from which is drawn here, War. Moreover, in Argument is War metaphor, the expression from the vocabulary of war is used to describe an idea in Argument. The expressions such as attacking, gaining, win, strategy, indefensible are meaning expression from the vocabulary war. Thus, the concept area of war is as source domain. The concept area to which the metaphor is applied is called target domain. 34 The target domain here is Argument. Furthermore, the connection between source and target domain is called correspondences or mappings. Mappings are used to understand and to characterize the relationship between two concepts. 35 However, Lakoff and Johnson believe that mappings are not based on similarities but on the correlating elements in source and target domain. To make it clearer the writer 32 George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Op. Cit., p. 20 33 Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Op.Cit., p. 26 34 Ibid., pp. 27-28 35 Zoltan Kovesces, Op.Cit., p. 7 16 takes the example from metaphorical concept “Argument is War” and the explanation of source, target and mappings will be put on the table below: Table 1 Argument is War Source: War Target: Argument Position Combatant Same position Different position Opinion Conflict Agreement Disagreement From the table above, it can be explained that the correspondences or mappings characterized the Argument is War conceptual metaphor. The elements of source domains are in systematic correspondence with the elements of target domains. The aspects in source war is a combatant. In target arguments this corresponds to or map onto conflicts. Finally, it can be concluded that the aspects in concepts of War are map into the concepts of Argument. The research conducted by Siregar 2010 entitled Emosi dan Kebudayaan dalam Metafora is one of analysis of metaphor in cognitive semantics perspective. 36 In his research, he examines the types of metaphor and the system that govern the metaphor to map the social changes that can be tracked through 36 Siregar, Bahren U. 2009, “Emosi dan Kebudayaan dalam Metafora”. Kongres International Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia. Accesed on September 17, 2014. http:sastra.um.ac.idwp-contentuploads201001104-Bahren-Umar-Siregar-LTBI-UAJ-Emosi- dan-Kebudayaan-dalam-Metafora.pdf 17 metaphorical change. The data used in this research is media press after the 1998 reform. The research conducted by Siregar the writer chooses as one of references because this research shown in brief. 2. Highlighting and Hiding Not all concepts from source domain can be applied to target domain. When a source domain is applied to a target domain, only some aspects are brought into focus. Highlighting refer to the selective mapping of source domain features onto target domain. 37 For instance, in the metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR, only partial features from WAR can be applied to ARGUMENT. This metaphor highlights conflict and business of winning or losing such as attacking, defending, and making strategy to gain victory and hiding other possibilities such as agreement, reconcilement, armistice and compromise. The other features opposite from highlighting called hiding. Moreover, a source or target domain may have multiple mappings that represent different sets of concepts in each mapping. 38 For example, the target domain ARGUMENT has three source domains besides the source domain WAR. ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY, ARGUMENT IS A CONTAINER and ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING, those metaphors represent different sets of concepts. The JOURNEY metaphor focuses on progress and content, the CONTAINER metaphor highlights the content and the basic of an argument, the BUILDING metaphor captures the aspects of the construction of an argument and 37 Murray Knowles Rosamund Moon, Op.cit. p. 33 38 Ibid, p. 33 18 its strength. This means, when a concept has several aspects and the metaphor focuses on one or some aspects, the other aspects will remain hidden or out of focus. Such as in WAR metaphor highlights aspects of control over argument and hides aspects such content, construction, and progress. Therefore, different metaphors may highlights different features of the same target concept and at the same time hide its other features. 39 F. Metaphor and Culture Conceptual metaphor and culture are related to each other. As stated by Lakoff and Johnson that metaphorical expressions in daily language gives perception into the concept that structure everyday activities. 40 For instance, the writer takes an example from the methaporical concepts Time is Money.This metaphor is reflected in daily language by many varieties of expression such as: I‟ve invested a lot of time in her. I don‟t have enough time to spare for that. You‟re running out of time. You‟re wasting my time. The metaphorical concepts from Time is Money will be drawn on the following table: Table 2 Time is Money Source: Money Target: Time Valuable Precious 39 Zoltán Kövecses, Op.cit, p. 93 40 Ibid., p.8 19 Invested Amount Spend Duration From the table above it can be explained that Time in western culture seen as valuable commodity and it is used to accomplish the goals. From the examples above, it explains that time is precious, valuable, and limited. Thus, it can be understood how the western culture understands and experiences time as the kind of thing that can be spent, wasted, and invested wisely or poorly. 41 As it has already known that in Indonesian it has the same metaphorical concepts “Waktu adalah Uang ” which it is borrowed from “Time is Money” English metaphorical concepts. Yet, in facts, Indonesian people do not trully appreciate the value of “Time” because the way they experience time in terms of money is different as it has known in term “Biar lambat asal selamat”. From the explanation above, it can conclude that the similarity between conceptual and metaphor is because of the experience and culture which will form a metaphorical structure. 42 41 Ibid., p. 8 42 Ibid., p. 8 20 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this research, the technique of data collecting is using bibliography technique. The data are collected by using written sources from the text speech of national apology. The steps to collect data are: 1. Download the text speech of National Apology speech from Kevin Rudd from the official website of Parliament House. 2. Read the entire text to determine the metaphorical sentence used in those texts. 3. When collecting data is complete, then data will be chosen randomly. After that, the chosen data will be classified based on the similarity concepts which found in the metaphorical linguistic expression. Then determine the most appropriate conceptual metaphor. 4. The next step is finding the mapping to see the relation between source domain and target domain in the conceptual metaphor. 5. The last is discovering the meaning of the metaphorical language used in the speech. There are 20 data found in the transcript and after the process of random sampling 11 of them were picked up as the chosen data that will be