Analysis of Data FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Analysis of Data

Code Mixing and Code Switching Found in Chapter 1 “ Insomnus” Dialogue 1 “Yang jelas, aku baru saja kembali dari on the spot ke salah satu perkebunan kelapa sawit nasabahku di Pekanbaru.” The conversant Lexy in the utterance above is containing the code mixing case. Basically, the utterance is in Indonesian, but the conversant inserts a piece of word from other language English like “on the spot”, rather than “business visiting” within her utterance. Description: Dialogue 2 “Saat akhirnya aku berjalan menenteng carry on luggage-ku menuju terminal kedatangan, rasanya aku mau pingsan.” From the statement above, the conversant Lexy involve in code mixing process. We can see that she inserts another word from another language, in this case, the word “carry on luggage”, which based on English and use the word “tas jinjing” in Indonesian, while we know that from the beginning of the utterance she uses Indonesian. Description: Dialogue 3 Universitas Sumatera Utara “Shut up My company doesn’t pay for tattoo removal laser surgery.” Aku menepis jarinya. “Yeah, you heard me right?” At the first sentence of conversation statement till the word ‘laser surgery’ constitute English utterance because the vocabulary and the grammar based on English. The code switching happens because on the next utterance, i.e. which started from the word ‘aku’ till the word ‘jarinya’, conversant uses Indonesian. Then the conversant switch again into English. Based on Blom and John J Gumpers 1971 in Jendra 2010:76 this case belongs to inter-sentential code- switching, because inter-sentential code-switching happens when there is a complete sentence in foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language. Description: Dialogue 4 “Asshole,” aku memaki pelan, sebelum ia Beno menghilang di balik pintu dan meninggalkan apartemenku. From the sentence above, we can see that the conversant begins her utterance by using foreign language English with the word ‘asshole’, and then continues the sentence in Indonesia. This type of mixing called intra sentential code mixing. From the italic word as above, it directly describes an informal situation of the conversation. In sociolinguistics, it is called “Slang” language. The conversant use the word “asshole” while speak to Beno because they Lexy and Beno are very close in relationship, and its influence the conversant in mix her language in the conversation. The other indicators in code mixing are that usually code mixing cases occur in non-formal situation of the conversation. Description: Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 5 “Pada tahun kedua pernikahan kami, we’re both lost Kami hanya bilang ‘hai’ saat sarapan.” At the first sentence, the conversant uses fully in Indonesian, but then the conversant continues the sentence by using English and close the utterance in Indonesian. This case is classified into inter-sentential code-switching. It because of the conversant switches the sentence from Indonesian to English. Description: Dialogue 6 “Maksud gue bukan sekedar hang out atau menikmati weekend doang, Lex.” Ujar Wina seperti bisa membaca pikiranku. From the utterance above, we can see that the speaker Wina deliberately change a code language which being used, from Indonesian into English, by mixing from one to another. This type of case called code mixing, because we can find some words from another language English such as ‘hang out’ rather than “bersenang-senang’ and ‘weekend’ rather than ‘akhir pekan’ within her utterances. Description: Dialogue 7 “Catet ya, Win, gue nggak berhubungan sama dia. Gue cuma perlu sama dia karena dia itu dokter gue. That’s it.” From the utterances, the speaker Alex switches her statement into another language English. We can see that she inserts short expression at the end of her utterances by using English. It belongs to tag code switching, because in tag code switching, a bilingual inserts short expression tag from different language at the Description: Universitas Sumatera Utara end of hisher utterances, and the word ‘that’s it’ is an example from the dialogue above. Dialogue 8 “Dia meninggalkan elo sama Mc.Steamy, right?” The utterance above belongs to tag code switching, because the speakers inserts short expression at the end of her statement. Description: Dialogue 9 “We did practically everything, mulai dari keliling-keliling di Canberra dari mall ke mall naek bus, berburu jaket atau T-shirt lucu-lucu di Vintage shops, terkadang malah niat naik train ke Melbourne dan Sydney.” The utterances above is classify into code mixing. We can see it from the words mall, T-shirt, Vintage shops, and train. The conversant mixes herhis utterances from another language English. Description: Dialogue 10 “Aku sedang pusing bikin paper untuk mata kuliah Venture Capital and Private Equity Finance gila ya, masih ingat aja aku sama mata kuliah paling menyebalkan itu, eh tiba-tiba si Wina masuk ke dorm room-ku sambil mengibas-ngibaskan dua tiket” From the dialogue above, we can see that the speaker mixes her utterances from Indonesian with some words from English, such as ‘paper’, ‘Venture Capital’, and ‘dorm room’. She uses foreign phrase in her utterances. So it called code mixing. Description: Dialogue 11 Universitas Sumatera Utara Aku membuka mataku dan meraih ponselku di nakas, menatap nama-nama di speed dial contact-ku. from the sentence above we can see that the conversant mixes herhis Indonesian into English by putting the word “speed dial contact’ rather than “daftar nama- nama panggilan’ and the conversant also insert the Indonesian suffix – ku rather than ‘my’ within that word. This case called Intra lexical code mixing. Description: Dialogue 12 “He’s such an asshole. Tapi dia masih jadi dokter pribadiku. It gives me a whole thing new meaning to playing doctor with your ex, doesn’t it” In this example, the conversant Lexy uses English from the beginning of her utterance, then switches into Bahasa Indonesia, then completing the utterance in English again at the end of her utterance. We can found that there is a complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language, English. This case is classified into Inter sentential code switching. Description: Dialogue 13 Asli, aku bukan pecinta meeting. Apalagi yang formal dan panjang kayak begini. Aku lebih suka jalan-jalan ketemu nasabahku, mengerjakan review sendiri. In this example, the conversant mixes herhis Bahasa Indonesia into English and puts some words from another language English within herhis sentences as “meeting” and the word “review”. Description: Dialogue 14 “Dodol Finding a good doctor is like finding a good hairstylist, once you find a damn good one, you’re not gonna let them go,” kataku mencoba berasionalisasi. Universitas Sumatera Utara From the example above, the conversant opens herhis conversation in Bahasa Indonesia by using the word “dodol” then continues the conversation in English. Of course shehe does the code switching which called Inter sentential code switching. Description: Dialogue 15 “Masa iddah? Sejak kapan Wina- the sexy fashion editor who spends four nights a week clubbing dan mungkin kalau masuk mesjid langsung terbakar- jadi hafal hukum Al-qur’an begini?” In this case, the conversant switches herhis Bahasa Indonesia into English which uttered between two sentences in a base language. This classification called Intra sentential code switching. Description: Dialogue 16 “Please deh ya..shopaholic dan fashionista mana yang tahan kalau mall time-nya dijatah-jatah seperti itu, belum lagi nightlife-nya yang practically non-existent.” Based on the sample above, the conversant mixes herhis language with another language, in this case from English into Indonesian orand the contrary by puts some foreign words such as shopaholic, fashionista, nightlife, etc. The conversant also inserts affixes ‘nya’ within the sentence in herhis statements. This case is classified into Intra lexical code mixing. Description: Code Mixing and Code Switching Found in Chapter 2 “Noli Me Tangere” Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 1 “Oh, shit. Rasanya kepalaku mau pecah saat aku membuka mata, dan….I’m in a Hospital?” From the beginning of the utterance above, we can see that the conversant uses foreign language English, then continues with the sentence using Indonesian, and it ends with foreign language too. Based on this case we can conclude that the conversant do the code switching because shehe switches the base language Indonesian with another code English, and this classification according to Blom and John J Gumpers in Jendra 2010 : 76 belongs to intra-sentential code- switching, because we found word, phrase of foreign language within the sentences in a base language, they are the words ‘oh, shit’ and ‘I’m in a hospital?’. Description: Dialogue 2 “ Tapi aku nggak pa-pa kan?’ “Sejauh ini sih gejala fisik ngga ada masalah. Tapi abis ini kamu di-MRI dulu ya..?” Aku menelan ludah. “MRI? Are you serious?” “I’m very serious, Lex.” Beno meletakkan senter ke dalam sakunya. “ Cuma buat jaga-jaga aja, mastiin kamu ngga intercranical bleeding…” From the conversation above between Lexy and Beno we can see that they mix Bahasa Indonesia into English by inserting special terms medical terms such as MRI, intercrenical bleeding…etc. This case is classified into Intra sentential code mixing, because we can found a word, a phrase of a foreign language within the conversation above in its base language, Bahasa Indonesia. Description: Dialogue 3 “Tapi aku ga mau di MRI, Ben. Kamu liat aku sekarang kan?” aku masih bisa ngobrol, masi bias berdebat sama kamu. I’m perfectly healthy.” Universitas Sumatera Utara From the conversation above between Beno and Lexy we can see that the conversant inserts short expression at the end of the statements, “I’m perfectly healthy” rather than “saya baik-baik saja”. The case above belongs to Tag code switching. Description: Dialogue 4 “Now you’re just scaring me.” Aku balas menatapnya dengan penuh amarah. “I’m not.Okay?” jawab Beno. In the example above, the conversant switches herhis utterance from English into Indonesian, that is why, it is classified into Inter sentential code switching. Description: Dialogue 5 “Iya, dari tadi kan aku bilang kamu nggak pa-pa, tapi kita harus tetap observasi dan MRI dulu. Jadi malam ini kamu harus nginap disini ya?” seru Beno. “Ha? Ah, gila aja No freaking way” Based on the utterances above, we can see that from beginning of the utterance is fully in Indonesian until the word ‘gila aja’ then the conversant add inserts the short expression at the end of the sentence by using another code, so the conversant switch the utterance from Beno’s statement with the word ‘No freaking way’, which is from English. So it called tag code switching. Description: Dialogue 6 “Eh, gue nggak ganggu acara slumber party elo berdua kan?” Denny tersenyum. “Nggak kok Den masuk aja” Wina langsung berdiri sambil senyam-senyum. Universitas Sumatera Utara From the conversation above between Denny and Wina, we can see that Denny mixes his statement with another code, it’s English by using the word ‘slumber party’, however Wina answer his statement fully in Indonesian. So it belongs to code mixing. Description: Dialogue 7 “You still look gorgeous, Lex.” Denny memamerkan gigi cemerlangnya. “Is flirting legal in a hospital? Hehehehe..becanda lo. Dari mana Den?” jawab Lexy. At the beginning of the utterance, Denny uses fully in English, then the second conversant Alex answer Denny’s statement also in English, however she add statement in Indonesian at the ends of her utterances. This case might be called Situational Code-Switching, Blom and John J Gumperz 1971, in Jendra, 2010:76. It because of when Denny gives his statement in English, then Lexy also answer it in also in English. Description: Dialogue 8 “Aku juga tidak tahu kenapa aku mengiyakan ajakan Denny. I’m not so ready to do this.” The conversant uses Indonesian at the beginning of her utterance, then she switch her utterance into English. Blom and John J Gumperz 1971 say that when we found a word, a phrase or a clause of foreign language within sentence in a base language, it called Intra-Sentential Code-Switching. Description: Dialogue 9 “Aku jadi tertawa lagi.” You’re funny, do you know that?” Denny tersenyun lebar.”One of my many admirable qualities.” Universitas Sumatera Utara “I’m sure.” Aku meneguk ocha dinginku. From the conversation above, the first conversant switches her utterance into English “You’re funny, do you know that?”, then the second conversant answer her utterance also in English. So it called Intra sentential code-switching However in the third utterance we can also find that there is also happen Code-Mixing process because the conversant uses the word “Ocha” in her utterance. Ocha means a kind of drink, but she chooses another term to replace that kind of drink. Description: Dialogue 10 “How’s the date?” Wina mulai senyum-senyum nggak jelas. Aku tertawa kecil, “It’s not a date.” “Fine, whatever. How was it?” Wina duduk di tempat tidurku. ‘Mau tau aja lo ya?” From the conversation above we can see that the conversant switch their language each other. From Indonesian into English, or the contrary. When Wina asked to the first conversant “how’s the date?” then the first conversant answered “mau tau aja lo ya.”, we can see that there is a change of perception or the topic of conversation. This type of switching involves ends, because Wina doesn’t get any clear answer from first conversant deal with her question about “dating”. This case called metaphorical code switching. Description: Dialogue 11 “Nah lho, katanya not a date, tapi malah rahasia-rahasiaan,” “Hehehe, norak lo, Win.” “Makanya spill, Lexy, spill.” Wina menatapku. Universitas Sumatera Utara From the conversation above, at the beginning, the Wina switches her language with another code, with the word “not a date” but Lexy actually did not answer Wina’s statement, she just give other expression toward Wina’s statement, this case according to Blom and John J Gumpers in Jendra 2010:76 might be called Metaphorical code switching. It because we can see that there is the change of perception or the topic of conversation between Wina and Lexy. Description: Dialogue 12 “Tapi pakai taruhan ya, Lex.” Ujar Denny. “Apaan?” “Yang kalah harus traktir yang menang setelah elo keluar dari sini.” “Deal.” The example above is classified into tag code switching. It is because Lexy inserts a short expression by puts the word ‘deal’ at the end of her statement. Description: Dialogue 13 “Muke lo itu ya” Aku jadi geli. “Udah ah, gue mau nyelesain laporan portfolio kredit gue dulu sebelum pulang. Gue mau balik tenggo nih.” This utterance is belongs to intra sentential code switching, because we found a word of foreign language ‘portfolio’ within the sentence above. Description: Dialogue 14 Di mobil aku terus berpikir, “Am I really doing this? Am I really dating Benny?” tapi aku terus berkata pada diriku sendiri, “This is not dating. This is just two old friend having dinner together.” Universitas Sumatera Utara From the statement above, the conversant opens herhis utterances in Indonesian then continued by English. The example of this type called inter sentential code switching. Description: Dialogue 15 I am officially impressed. “Iya. Gue masih punya foto itu sampe sekarang, ada di apartemen gue. Kok elo inget sih?” “I remember things, Lexy.” Denny tersenyum. Based on the utterances the conversant begins herhis conversation in English, the continued it in Indonesian. When the other conversant Lexy asks Denny, He also answers it in English, so it’s classified into Inter sentential code switching. Description: Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 5 “ Meminerunt Omnia Amantes” Dialogue 1 Jadi maaf ya boss, kalau anak buahmu yang dikau bangga-banggakan ini sebenarnya sering pakai jam kantor untuk browsing dan Shop online. These utterances actually based on Indonesian, but the conversant inserts some words from another language Indonesian into English such as “browsing” and “shop online”. So it can be concluded that the conversant mixes the utterances with the other code. Although there is a Code-mixing process happen, but it does not change the topic or the situation of the conversation. Description: Dialogue 2 “Kita ke OTS on the spot. Lihat hotelnya. Saya mau take over kreditnya.” Universitas Sumatera Utara “ kita refinancing aja, gimana Pak?” Pak Danu menawarkan minggu ini.” Aku menelan ludah sekali lagi. Not this soon. From the conversation between Mr.Danu and Alex above we can see that both of them inserts some words from other language, in this case English such as “On the Spot”, “take over” and “refinancing”. They mix these terms in their utterances, so it called Code-mixing process. Description: Dialogue 3 “Kalau boleh memilih,saat ini aku mendingan berangkat naik speedboat ke perkebunan itu daripada ke The Ocean Suite. Seru alex. The conversant begin her utterance in Indonesian form, then she inserts another language in her utterance “ speedboat” rather that ‘kapal mesin’. So it can be concluded that the sentence above is code mixing. Description: Dialogue 4 Kalau mendengar Gin Blossoms menyanyikan lagu follow you down, bulu kudukku merinding mengingat near death experience-ku bareng Ryan dan Wina. In the example above, the conversant switches Bahasa Indonesia into English, and we can also find there are two clauses in one complete utterance, so it’s classified into intra sentential code switching. Description: Dialogue 5 bulu kudukku merinding mengingat near death experience-ku bareng Ryan dan Wina. Universitas Sumatera Utara The example above is classified into Intra lexical code mixing, because the conversant inserts affixes ‘-ku’ in the utterance “near death experience”. Description: Dialogue 6 “ Sayang, don’t take off your shoes when we’re in bed, ya?”sahut Denny. from this sentence, it is clear for us that the speaker switch his utterance from Indonesian into English, because at the beginning of his utterance, he uses Indonesian, then continued it in English and ends the statement in Indonesia, so we found that the foreign language “don’t take off your shoes when we’re in bed, ya”is switched with another language. This type of switching is regarded as Intra sentential code switching. Description: Dialogue 7 “Alexandra, menurut kamu gimana scheme pembiayaan yang bisa kita kasih ke Hotel ini?” From the sentence above, the conversant mixes Indonesian into English by putting a term from another language in his statement, he prefer to use the word ”scheme” rather than “ skema”. This classification is belongs to code mixing. Description: Dialogue 8 Steak - nya luar biasa, pembicaraannya juga cukup menarik, walaupun aku tetap memilih nongkrong bareng Ryan dan Wina. This example is identified as Intra lexical code mixing because the conversant inserts the affixes- nya- at the end of the word of English that shehe used. Description: Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 9 “Refinancing oke juga,Pak. Tapi kayaknya kita harus lihat dulu scheme pembiayaannya dengan DBS itu gimana. Seru Lexy. From the sentences above, we can see that the conversant starts her statement by using English, then she also insert some words from English such as “scheme” and technical term “ DBS” in her utterance. This case is classified into code mixing process. Description Dialogue 10 “Betul, Lex. KMK itu less risk dan lebih simple. Besok pagi waktu sarapan saya akan push komitmennya Pak Danu untuk pindah ke kita.” The example above characterized as intra sentential code mixing, because the conversant puts some words from othe code such as less risk, simple and push within the sentences. Description Dialogue 11 “Bagi yang percaya superstition, ini lantai sial, tapi Pak Danu justru berani melawan arus dan meletakkan business suite terbaiknya di lantai ini.” This example is classified into intra sentential code mixing, as we see that the conversant also puts some words from English in hisher sentences such as superposition, business suite within the sentence. Description Dialogue 12 “Capeeeek sumpah capek banget weekend begini resmi-resmian. Bali is fun, but spending weekend here on business? Nggak banget.” Universitas Sumatera Utara The sentence above is classified into inter sentential code switching, because the conversant Lexy switch her language from Bahasa Indonesia into English by inserts some words or clauses from English, while we know that from the beginning of her utterances, she use Indonesian. Description Dialogue 13 “Aku bangkit dari tempat tidur dan merogoh ke dalam handbag butterfly-ku.” The conversant Lexy in the sentence above does the code mixing because she using other language such as handbag butterfly rather than tas kupu-kupu within her sentence. Description Dialogue 14 “Today sucks Although I’m kind a thankful that he called and just be his arrogant, annoying, stuck up self. Paling tidak segala kenangan indah -I think I vomited a little bit in my mouth here- yang harus terus bergantian menghantui kepalaku sejak aku tiba di hotel ini jadi hilang semua.” This example shows us the process of inter sentential code switching, because the conversant switch herhis English with Indonesian. Description Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 9 “ Nune Scio Quid Sit Amor” Dialogue 1 “Jadilah aku dini hari begini –Yeah, for me 6 o’clock in the morning is still dini hari- udah harus mandi, berpakaian lengkap, dan menuju bandara dalam keadaan setengah tidur.” Universitas Sumatera Utara From the corpus above, at the beginning of the utterance, the conversant chooses Indonesian in herhis statement, then heshe switch Indonesian with English, and then closes the statement also in Indonesian. This type of switching is classified into inter sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 2 “Hellow, daghling,” Wina tersenyum lebar saat akhirnya ia muncul dari pintu kedatangan. “Hello.” Aku memeluknya. “How’s New York?” “Abso-fashion-lutely awesome” serunya. Eh, langsung cari sarapan yuk, lapar banget nih gue. The conversation between Wina and Lexy above is classified into inter sentential code switching, because Wina using clause in English at the beginning of the sentence“Hellow, daghling,”, then Lexy is also answer it in English, however the conversation among both of them is not fully in English, but they also switch it with Indonesian, this case of switching is identified as inter sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 3 “Yah Win, paling nggak pas Denny disini, dia setia nemui gue tiap hari tanpa harus diminta,” “Not like Beno?” “Beno and I could sleep in the same bed and I still didn’t feel like he was there. Phisically there, but emotionally absent all the time.” Wina menatapku. The corpus above is classified into inter sentential code switching. The conversant,Lexy, starts her statement in Indonesia which talk about Denny, the Description Universitas Sumatera Utara she deliberately change Bahasa Indonesia into English, however the topic is not about Denny anymore, but talks about Beno, her ex-husband. And she choose English in describing Beno’s attitude while speak to Wina. One of the clues for switching code is when we change the topic of conversation in utterances, and we found it happen in the example above. Dialogue 4 “Di, ntar abis nge-drop saya di kantor, saya minta tolong kamu ke laundry biasa, bias kan?” kataku. “Bisa, Bu From the sentence above, the conversant Lexy mixes her Bahasa Indonesia by using the word “ drop” and “laundry” in her utterance. This situation is identified as code mixing process. Description Dialogue 5 “Hari pertama sih biasa-biasa aja, Win. Pokoknya selama bulan madu sih semuanya biasa saja.” “Biasa aja? Maksud elo datar-datar aja gitu?” “Bukan, dodol. Maksud gue itu, everything was beautiful, great, awesome, no problem at all. You wake up with a smile everyday. Nggak ada yang harus elo pikirin.” The conversant in this conversation talks about Lexy’s honeymoon to Wina. Wina starts her statement in Indonesian, however Lexy add the other code in her statement, by using English in order to answer Wina’s question. And this situation cause the inter sentential code switching process. Description Dialogue 6 “The sex?” Wina cengar-cengir. Universitas Sumatera Utara Aku tertawa. “I’m not answering that question” “Yaelah, Lex, basi banget sih lo, gitu aja rahasia-rahasiaan,” Wina tertawa. From the utterances above, both Wina and Lexy still discuss about “ sex”. Wina ask to Lexy how was her honeymoon with her ex- husband, and wina starts the question in English. Then Lexy also answer Wina’s question in English, however, there is the change of topic and the perception in Lexy’s answer toward Wina’s question, because Wina actually did not get the clear answer from Lexy. This kind of situation called metaphorical code switching. Description Dialogue 7 “Gue sama Beno dulu sama-sama jatuh cinta, Win, bukan dijodohin. Nikah ga dipaksa, and we were really passionate about each other, tapi ujung-ujungnya tetap bubar juga, kan?” The corpus above about Lexy’s statement to Wina belongs to inter sentential code switching, because we found foreign code is uttered between two sentences in a base language. The base language is Indonesian, but Lexy switch it into English. Description Dialogue 8 “Awalnya sih semuanya sempurna. It’s like having my guardian angel who would do anything to protect me and to make me happy, you know? Tapi lama-lama dia sibuk, gue sibuk, komunikasi kami jadi berkurang.” This example is also classified into inter sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 9 Tiiit Tiiiit “Aku merogoh ponselku di dalam handbag.Papa.” Universitas Sumatera Utara “Assalamualaikum, Lex.” Based on the corpus in this sentence, the conversant Lexy mixes her code by inserting a term from English “ handbag” rather than ‘ tas jinjing’ within her sentence. This case is classified as code mixing process. Description Dialogue 10 “Katanya kamu sama Beno jual rumah yang di Kebagusan, ya?” “Iya, Pa.” “Kowe ra po-po to, Nduk?” Aku menarik napas panjang. “Nggak pa-pa, Pa.” This dialog is between Lexy and her father, from the sentence, we can see that Lexy’s father uses Javanese while talking to Lexy, however the communication between both of them is stiil good lancar, eventhough her father using ethnic language, it because Lexy is also understand in Javanese. In this case, this conversation is influence by participant Lexy’s father, that is why this situation is regarded as situational code switching. Description Dialogue 11 “Nduk, mama yo mudheng nek kowe isih sedih mergo pisahanmu. Tapi njur arep tekan kapan? Kalau kamu ketemu Beno terus, kapan kamu bias berhenti sedih? Sedhelo meneh ko we wis tiga puluh. ” “Iya, Ma, Lexy ngerti. Tapi gak secepat itu juga kan, lexy menikah lagi?” From the sentence, the conversant Lexy’s mother is uses Javanese from the beginning of her statement, the continued it in Indonesia, and Lexy also reply her mother statement in Indonesian, she did not use English as usual because she know that her mother can’t speaks in English. This situation also influenced by Description Universitas Sumatera Utara participant Lexy’s mother, so this case is identified as situational code switching. Dialogue 12 That’s what I really want to say, but what comes out of my mouth is. “Mama danPapa jangan khawatir ya? Lexy gak pa pa kok” “Jaga diri baik-baik ya, Nduk?” The example above is also classified into situational code switching participant factor Description Dialogue 13 “Aku membantunya membuka jaket, membuka kemejanya yang basah, dan shopping bag di bangku belakang.” in this example the conversant Lexy mixes her Bahasa Indonesia into English by inserting a word from English such as shopping bag rather than “ tas belanjaan “, and it is called code mixing process. Description Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 10 ”Verbum Satienti” Dialogue 1 “Bapak kira pengeluaran spa dan massage saya nggak berlipat-lipat sejak saya menangani account ini?” Universitas Sumatera Utara Code mixing happens when there is some words from another code which uttered or inserted in a base language, and the example above shows us this kind of mixing process. Description Dialogue 2 “Walaupun hari ini yang kuinginkan hanya grande caramel macchiato-nya Starbucks dan cinnamon roll, berendam bubble bath sambil ketawa-ketawa nonton duet Tina Fey dan Alec Baldwin di 30 Rock” An indicator to define intra sentential code switching is when we found a word, a phrase, or a clause of foreign language within sentences in a base language. In this case, based on the example above, we can see the process of intra sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 3 “Please deh Win, ya, gue bukan anak kuliahan yang butuh rebound guy,” kataku sebal. The sentence starts in Indonesian; the conversant Lexy inserts a pieces of foreign language in her utterance with the word rebound guy. And this situation is regarded as intra sentential code mixing. Description Dialogue 4 “Tapi elo belum cinta sama dia,” tebak Wina, “which I’m said to say, is very true.” Aku menggeleng. “Kenapa?” tanyanya. Universitas Sumatera Utara From the example above, the conversation between Lexy and Wina. They talk about Lexy’s feeling toward Denny. From the beginning of the statement, the conversant states it in Indonesian, then switch Indonesian with English. When Wina giving a statement to Lexy, however, she did not give any clear reasons and she also answers it in Indonesian. In this case, a point should be our notice is the answer from Lexy deal with Wina’s statement, and Lexy’s answer is influenced by situation, because the metaphorical code switching occurs if there is a change in the situation that causes a bilingual switches from a code to another because of some factors, such as the change of perception, or the purpose even the topic of conversation. Based on the case above, this changing of code is influenced by the change of perception and the change of purpose. Description Dialogue 5 “Puas kamu udah bikin aku malu dengan membawaku ke rumah sakit malam- malam begini cuma gara-gara keseleo?” Beno cuma diam, pasang tampang ketat, dan lebih memilih tidak mempedulikan aku. As always. A sentence categorized as tag code switching when a bilingual inserts a short expression at the end of hisher statement in the utterance. The example above show us the tag code switching case. Description Dialogue 6 Aku memejamkan mata, berusaha menahan amarahku yang siap meledak. “Just shut up, Ben.” This example is also identified as tag code switching, because there is a word at the end of conversant’s statement, “ just shut up,Ben .The conversant switch Indonesian with English in herhis sentence. Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 7 “Gue bilang waktu jatuh itu, kepala lo kejedot bemper jadi sekarang elo agak-agak sinting dan bawaannya pengen bunuh orang kalau ngomongin kerjaan.” Ujar Ryan. Aku tertawa terbahak-bahak. “Nice going, Yan.” The example in the sentence above regarded as tag code switching. Description Dialogue 8 “Denny juga berarti buat gue,” potongku. “You can’t always see things in black and white, Win. Bukan berarti karena Denny punya makna buat gue, lantas Beno nggak.” This example known as inter sentential code switching, because there is a sentence from another code English which different with base language Indonesian and this italics sentence “You can’t always see things in black and white, Win” uttered between two sentences in a base language. This situation known as inter sentential code switching. Description Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 11 “ Prima Facie “ Dialogue 1 “ Don’t go kate Moss on me. “ elo mau nurunin berat apalagi?” kalo elo lebih kurus dari sekarang, kebaya elo bisa jadi Gamis, tau nggak?” “ Bukan gitu, Lex…. Universitas Sumatera Utara At the first statement of the sentence, “ Don’t go kate Moss on me. “, we can see that the conversant Lexy switches English with another code. Then she continued her statement in Indonesian fully. When a word, a phrase, or a clause of foreign language found within sentences in a base language, in this case is Indonesian, this type of switching called intra sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 2 “ Okeh..okeh…” Wina menekan satu tombol di treadmill-nya, dan mulai jalan santai sambil mengatur nafas.. The example above show us that there is a code mixing process occur, when the conversant Wina mixes her Indonesian into English by using another code in mentioning a sport equipment “ treadmill” in her utterance, and she also insets affixe – nya- when that term within her statement. This situation is classified into intra Lexical code mixing. Description Dialogue 3 For some other things, we are very similar. Very. Persamaan itu juga yang memisahkan aku dan dia. The conversant opens herhis sentence in English, then deliberately change the code being used into Indonesian. This type of swtiching known as inter sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 4 when you have all that.” Sama-sama saling mencintai’. Just doesn’t mean that much. Universitas Sumatera Utara From this example, it indicates that the process of code switching. We can see that the conversant switch the language being used from English into Indonesia in a complete sentence, so it is classified into inter sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 5 Ryan melirik-lirik dari balik berkas yang sedang dibacanya. “ kalau asumsi profit margin-nya kita geser 1 gimana? From Ryan’s statement, we can see that he does the code mixing. He uses the word “profit margin” as the marketing business term within his statement, while we know that he uses Indonesian from the beginning of his utterances, then deliberately mixes the code being used. This case is known as code mixing process. Description Dialogue 6 “Gila lo, ya, masih sempat-sempatnya mikir makan.” Cetusku. Kalau kita nggak selesaiin malam ini, we’re both dead meat, yan. As we see, the conversant Lexy inserts a short expression at the end of her statement “we’re both dead meat,”. This kind of switching is identified as tag code switching. Description Dialogue 7 Aku langsung meringis.” Eww, I’m not drinking anything that some monkeys is shitting on”. Ryan tertawa, tapi serius lho Lex, enak banget. It’s like the Columbian cocaine of coffee, the Cuban cigar of coffee,” Universitas Sumatera Utara The conversation between Lexy and Ryan above regarded as the type of inter sentential code switching, because we can see that both of them switch their language from Indonesian into English in their sentences. Description Dialogue 8 “Idih, elo itu ya, nggak dewasa-dewasa dari dulu. Inget umur lo, Yan. The big three-0 is coming and you’re still around like teenager.” “Baru juga 30 Lex, gue masih punya paling nggak lima tahun lagi sebelum mulai settle down.” The conversation above indicates the process of code switching, because each conversant deliberately change a code which being used from Indonesian into English. This type of switching known as inter sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 9 “Yan, this may come as a shock to you, but not every women is…” “Eh, Lex,” potongnya, “kok elo nggak ada cerita Beno udah punya pacar?” This example of conversation is classsified into metaphorical code switching. It’s because the conversant Lexy gives a statement, however he Ryan didn’t response Lexy’s statement, there is a change of the topic of conversation in that dialogue. Description Dialogue 10 “I gotta say, Lex, Beno has a great taste in women,” ujar Ryan. “Maksud lo?” “First you, now that woman.” Universitas Sumatera Utara The conversation above is the case of intra sentential code switching, because we can find that even though both of them the two conversant switches their code with another code, however it does not change the topic or the idea of conversation. Description Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 12 “ Ab Imo Pectore” Dialogue 1 The joy of being unmarried, tidak perlu berfikir menabung untuk sekolah anak, beli rumah atau harga susu yang sekarang kabarnya luar biasa mahal..- In this example, the conversant switches the code being used. As we see, at the first sentence of the corpus, the conversant use fully in English, then switched with Indonesian. This type of switching called intra sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 2 Beno menatapku dalam-dalam. “ Mama sekarang memang sudah nggak papa..,aku ga bohong,Lex. Tapi tadi waktuu aku periksa, di – MRI juga, ada “fistula” di heart chamber-nya Mama”. From the corpus above, it shows us that the conversant Beno mixes his Bahasa Indonesia with English by using the word “heart chamber” rather than “bilik jantung”, and he also uses a medical term such as “fistula”. This process is called code mixing. Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 3 “ Tidak ada gunanya dulu dia Beno menghancurkan pernikahan kami demi karirnya menjadi dokter bedah jantung paling hebat, kalau dia tidak bisa menyelamatkan mama. The nation’s greatest surgeon is not the nation’s greatest surgeon until he saves my mother”. From the first word “tidak ada” until the word “mama”, the conversant Lexy uses fully Indonesian,then she switches her Bahasa Indonesia into English. This situation called intra sentential code switching. Description Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 14 “Visum et Repertum” Dialogue 1 “I would so much want to hate him right now, but I can’t. Aku tidak bisa. He saved my mother, for God’s sake.” This sentences is belongs to inter sentential code switching. The conversant uses English in her first sentence, then continues with Indonesian, and ends it with English again. Description Dialogue 2 “Dan kalau iya, apakah dia cemburu karena masih sayang padaku, atau hanya some male ego territorial thing.” The example above classified into intra sentential code switching. Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 3 “Maksud mamamu itu toh, Nduk, kalau memang sama Denny udah cocok, ra sah mikir suwi-suwi.” From the sentence above, we can say that it is belongs to situational code switching. It is because the conversant uses Javanese in her sentence. The changing of the situation was influenced by Participant. In this case, the participant is her daughter whom called “nduk” or in Indonesian means ‘anak perempuan’. Description Dialogue 4 “Aku menyentuh cincin berlian itu dengan jariku. Such a beautiful thing. Yet so scarry.” We can classify this sentence into situational code switching, because the bilingual switches from Indonesian to English. This changing is influenced by the norms of interaction. In this case, the norms of interaction is surprise expression. Description Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 15 “Amantes Sunt Amantes” Dialogue 1 “Rasanya sebenarnya aku ingin marah pada Denny karena popped the question disaat yang menurutku sangat tidak tepat.” The sentence above is one of the examples of intra sentential code switching, because the conversant, in this case Lexy inserts a clause from foreign language in her statement. Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 2 “Aku mengangguk, memasukkan pakaian gantiku ke travelling bag, penyakit last- minute packing yang gak sembuh-sembuh dari dulu.” The sentence above, is one of intra sentential code switching application. We can see there are some words and from foreign language which are inserted within the base language. Description Dialogue 3 “Bukan karena aku sok manja dan nggak tahan menginap in the middle of nowhere seperti ini, tapi karena besok pagi aku memilih kembali ke Jakarta dengan penerbangan pertama.” The example above is intra sentential code switching. As we see that the conversant apply a foreign short clause within herhis sentences. Description Dialogue 4 “Memang nggak sehat banget sih, dulu Beno juga suka melarang karena katanya ntar aku bisa….,crap, did I just mention his name again? Emang setan banget laki-laki satu itu.” The utterance inserts a sentence in foreign language between her conversation. we can see there is a sentence in english ‘crap, did I just mention his name again?’ which inserted between the base language. So we can conclude that, this sentence is belongs to inter sentential code switching. Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 5 Some questions just leave you speechless. Tadi malam aku cuma bisa tertegun, tidak tau harus menjawab apa, saat otakku juga masih berusaha mencerna setiap kata yang dikeluarkan oleh Denny. We can classify the corpus above as the intra sentential code switching case, because we found a clause of foreign language which uttered between a complete sentence in a base language. However, the conversant switches the language being used from English with Indonesian. Description Dialogue 6 I used to love watching Beno shalat. Ia ga alim-alim banget-remember our drinking-tattoo incident in Bali? The sentence above is characterized as inter sentential code switching process, as we see that the conversant Lexy deliberately change the language that she use, from English into Indonesia. Description Dialogue 7 Kata-kata yang paling romantis yang keluar dari bibirnya Beno adalah memanggilku “ Sayang”. That’s it. The statemant above is classified into tag code switching. It is because a short expression is inserted by the conversant at the end of her utterance. Description Dialogue 8 “ Itu yang mau kami tanami dengan kredit investasi baru yang saya ajukan, Bu,” jelas fajar.” Saya masih punya sekitar 2800 hektar lagi yang belum ditanami tapi kami sudah “land clearing”. Universitas Sumatera Utara From the this example, we can see that the conversant begins herhis sentence in Indonesia untill the word “sudah”, then the conversant mixes the code by inserting a foreign term “ land clearing” rather than “pembersihan lahan” within herhis sentences. This kind of situation known as code mixing. Description Dialogue 9 Ada beberapa hal yang harus aku jelasin tentang dietary restrictions-nya The sentence above is regarded as code mixing process, because the conversant inserts a word from other language “dietary restriction”,in the sentencehowever the conversant also add her statement by inserts the affixes –nya- within the sentence, and for this situation is identified as intra lexical code mixing. Description Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 16 “Ad Oculus” Dialogue 1 “Tidak bisa hidup tanpa hedonistic lifestyle, namun aku harus mengakui pengalaman paling berharga dalam hidupku adalah menemani Beno dalam program Corporate Social Responsibility di pedalaman Kalimantan.” We can classify the utterances above into intra sentential code switching, because we can found the pieces of foreign language such as hedonistic lifestyle and Corporate Social Responsibility within the sentences. Description Dialogue 2 Universitas Sumatera Utara “Suster, ibu Janti sudah ready kan, ya? Ya udah, Lex, kita ke kamar mama aja sekarang.” From the utterance above, we can conclude that it is one kind of code mixing. Because the speakers apply some foreign words English while using other language Indonesian as the base language. Description Dialogue 3 “You always take your patients seriously,Ben. All I’m asking is you take me, your wife, seriously right now.” Kata-kataku menahan emosi yang hampir meledak. Bahkan disaat aku meminta pisah darinya, ia masih bersikap tak acuh dan mengaggapku bercanda. From this example, the conversant Lexy begins her utterances in English, then she switches English with Indonesian. This kind of situation is one of code switching process called inter sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 4 “Aku uda ga tahan lagi seperti ini, kalimat yang sesungguhnya telah lama kurasakan namun barusanggup kuucapkan, and you know how he responded? Si arogan itu hanya menatapku tajam,tiga detik, empat detik, kemudian dia keluar kamar. This example is classified into inter sentential code switching. At the beginning of her statement, Lexy uses Indonesian, then switch it into English which uttered between two sentences in a base language. This type of switching process called inter sentential code switching. Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 5 Beno menunduk, memegang tangan Ibuku yang kini sudah siap didorong dengan kursi roda, mengingatkan ibuku agar banyak beristirahat dan tidak banyak pikiran.” Ibu, kagem ngaso rumiyin, sampun kekathahan anggenipun menggalih, supados enggal dhangan nggih Bu. Biar cepat sembuh ya. The conversant Beno use Bahasa Indonesia from the beginning of his utterances, then deliberately change the code being used from Indonesian into Javanese while talk to Lexy’s mother. He uses Javanese because he know that Lext’s mother is also fluent enough in Javanese, and the changing of code cause of the participant, in this case is Lexy’s mother. This kind of switching process is called metaphorical code switching. Eventhough Beno use Javanese, however the communication is still good, it because of both of them Beno and Lexy’s mother are able to speaks in Javanese. Description Dialogue 6 “Elo ngapain juga pusing Beno jalan sama siapa? Yang penting elo uda ga tahan nikah ama dia, elo minta cerai, dia kasih, dan sekarang elo udah punya Denny. Beres kan? nggak usah menyiksa diri sendiri deh,Lex..dengan mikir hal-hal seperti pacar Beno itu siapa, uda berapa lama dia pacaran…eh tunggu dulu. Gue tahu ini kenapa. She’s hot, isn’t she? The example above belongs to tag code switching case, because at the end of the utterances, the conversant inserts a short expression She’s hot, isn’t she? from other language English. Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 18 “Cum Talent, Clamant” Dialogue 1 “Aku menunjukkan majalah Time yang baru kubeli saat lunch break.” We can fine code mixing case from the utterance above, because at the end of the utterance there are foreign language inserted. The speaker chooses “lunch break” rather than “istirahat makan siang”,in the speaker’s statement Description Dialogue 2 “Waktu itu, aku dan Ryan yang entah bagaimana caranya, ditunjuk menjadi corporate culture change agents di divisiku, dengan tugas menggerakkan para pegawai divisi kami untuk menjalankan corporate culture-nya BorderBank.” In the utterance above, there are some words in English which used by speaker. Heshe inserts “corporate culture change agents” and “corporate culture” within hisher utterance. So we can conclude it into code mixing. Description Dialogue 3 “Padahal ya, don’t tell my boss this, aku dan Ryan saja sedang shopping posisi di bank lain, hahahaha.” The speaker Lexy mixes her utterance with Indonesian and English. In this case, the base language is Indonesian, but she also use some English words, such as “shopping”.code mixing Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 4 “Kami mengusulkan agar setiap ada acara informal corporate outing diluar kantor, para pegawai BorderBank memakai tato logo BorderBank.” The conversation above is one of code mixing example. We can see the word “informal corporate outing” inserted in the sentence. Description Dialogue 5 “Wina kemarin langsung memelukku saat aku bercerita sudah menerima lamaran Denny. She’s just a great friend, you know. Nggak pernah sok tahu mengatakan ‘gue tau apa yang lo rasakan’ setiap aku bercerita tantang masalahku ke dia.” When a sentence inserted between two sentence in base language, we conclude it into inter sentential code switching. And the utterance above is a case in this type. There is a sentence in English inserted between the sentences in the base language Indonesian. Description Dialogue 6 “Iya, iya. Kemarin yang baru di-refitting bagian mananya, Win?” The sentence in this example shows us the code mixing process. It is because we can find a piece of word from another language in the utterance. Description Dialogue 7 “Begitupun, aku masih sempat me-rewind percakapan dengan Wina tadi di dalam kepalaku sepanjang perjalanan menuju rumah orangtuaku.” The example above is regarded as intra lexical code mixing . Description Universitas Sumatera Utara Dialogue 8 “Maksud lo men-take care gue gimana? Gue kan nggak lagi kenapa-kenapa, Win, apanya juga yang harus di-take care.” The utterances above are identified as intra lexical code mixing. Description Dialogue 9 “Aku tahu ditelantarkan itu such a strong word, tapi diabaikan rasanya terlalu manis.” In the sentence above, we can see the clause in foreign language. It’s “such a strong word “. This clause was inserted in a sentence in the base language Indonesian. So, this sentence is classified into intra sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 10 “Maturnuwun wis teko ya, Nak Beno.” “Nggak pa-pa, Bu, sampun dados kewajiban kulo.” From the conversation above, Lexy’s mother speaks in Javanese toward Beno, and Beno also answers in Javanese. Lexy’s mother uses Javanese while speaking with Beno, is fluent enough in Javanese. This situation is influenced by the participant. In this case the participant is Beno. This type switching process is belongs to situational code switching. Description Dialogue 11 “Recovery-nya berjalan sesuai yang kuharapakan. Aku cuma periksa rutin. Ada obat ibu kamu yang harus di-refill besok.” Universitas Sumatera Utara From the corpus from this example, the conversant mixes the language English with Indonesia by applying some words in foreign language pieces of one code is smaller than clause without change the situation even the topic of the conversation. This type of mixing called intra lexical code mixing. Description Code Mixing and Code Switching in Chapter 19 “Amor Animi Arbitrio Sumitur, Non Ponitur” Dialogue 1 “Dengar ya, ini misi penting, memilih gaun untuk acara bachelorette party gue.” This sentence was inserted by the words in foreign language, while the base language is Indonesian. It shows us that code mixing process is happened in this sentence. Description Dialogue 2 “Wina berputar memamerkan strapless black dress berbahan satin yang sedang dicobanya.” Lexy’s utterance above is containing intra sentential code switching case. The sentence is basically in Indonesia, but she switches a clause from foreign language among her utterance, “strapless black dress”. This type of code switching indentified as intra sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 3 Universitas Sumatera Utara “Hari ini memang ulang tahunku yang ke-30. The big three-o is so scary, I mean you would like be too if you’re thirty and already a divorcee. Walaupun seluruh ucapan selamat yang kuterima sejak tadi pagi sangat-sangat menyenangkan.” In the utterance above, we can find a sentence in foreign language which uttered between the sentences in a base language. As we know that the conversant starts the sentences in Indonesian from the word “Hari ini” till the word “ke-30” then continue her sentence by switching with English. This criteria of switching known as inter sentential code switching. Description Dialogue 4 “Kenapa jam lima, karena tepat jam itu dulu aku dilahirkan. I mentioned it casually to him dalam percakapan yang lupa juga entah kapan, tapi dia ingat.” The Lexy’s statement above can be categorized as intra sentential code switching. She begins her statement in Indonesia, and then change it into English, and she ends her statement also in Indonesian. Description Dialogue 5 “Kakaknya cantik. Good genes run in their family. Rambutnya hitam tergerai, kulitnya putih, mengungatkanku pada Loemongga Haomasan.” The statement above known as inter sentential code switching, because we can see that the foreign language is uttered between two sentences in a base language. Description Dialogue 6 “Sepanjang perjalananku turun dari lantai 23 ke ground, aku heboh merogoh ke dalam oversized handbags-ku mencari kunci mobil.” Universitas Sumatera Utara The sentence above is regarded as intra sentential code switching, because the conversant inserts some phrases from foreign language such as “ground,” and “oversized handbags” within herhis sentences. Description Dialogue 7 “Calon istri Dr. Riza Adiputra, Sp.OG itu mengangkat tinggi-tinggi shotglass flaming bikini yang akan menjadi penanda rekor minumnya malam ini.” The case above can be categorized into intra sentential code switching, because the conversant puts a short clause within the sentences. Description Dialogue 8 “Saat aku sedang mengeluarkan tisu dari clutch-ku dan melihat ponsel, aku teringat Denny.” The utterance of Lexy above can be classified into code mixing because she inserts a piece of foreign language English such as clutch rather than kopling within her statement. Description Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2 The Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing found in novel “Divortiare” by Ika Natassa As presented in chapter II, there are five types of code switching proposed by Blom and John J Gumperz 1971 in Jendra 2010: 75-76. Each of the data has been analyzed to find out which of the five types that can be found in the conversations in novel Divortiare Ika Natassa. After the explanation of code switching and code mixing process above, the writer presents the table which contains the frequency of code switching based on twelve selected chapters in novel Divortiare. Table 4.1 The Frequency of Code Switching in the Conversations found in twelve selected chapters in novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa. No. Types of Code Switching Frequency Percentages 1. Tag code switching 11 14,86 2. Inter-sentential code switching 30 40,54 3. Intra-sentential code switching 20 27,03 4. Situational code switching 7 9,46 5 Metaphorical code switching 6 8,11 TOTAL 74 100 The table shows that most dominant process of code switching is inter- sentential code switching. This type occurs 30 times 40,54 . Then, in the Universitas Sumatera Utara second place is intra-sentential switching which occurs 20 times 27,03 . Next, tag-code switching occurs 11 times 14,86. And then followed by Situational code switching which occurs 7 times 9,46 and the last type of code switching, metaphorical code switching, occurs 6 times 8,11 . Table 4.2 The Frequency of Code Mixing found in twelve selected chapters in novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa. From the table above, code mixing is the most form that speakers use in the conversation in novel Divortiare. This form occurs 130 times 68,18 . The second place is Intra lexical code mixing which occurs 8 times 18,18 , and the last is intra sentential code mixing with 6 times 13,64 .

4.3 The Frequency of Code Switching and Code Mixing of Each Chapter twelve chapters in Diagram Form.