tertentu. “a linguistics interaction in one or more speech form, involving two person, speaker and listener, with a particular topic, in a particular time, place
and situation.” 1995: 46.
Each individual therefore is a member of many different speech communities. It is in the best interest of most people to be able to identify
themselves on one occasion as members of one community. One of the consequences of such intersecting identifications is, of course linguistic
variations: people do not speak alike, nor does any individual always speak in the same way on every occasion.
2.1.4 Bilingualism and Multilingualism
Bilingualism can be regarded as the ability to communicate in two languages, but with greater skills in one language. While the people which
interrelated in, it called bilingual. In many parts of the world an ability to speak more than one language is not at all remarkable. In fact, a monolingual individual
would be regarded as a misfit, lacking an important skill in society. In many parts of the world it is just a normal requirements of daily living that people speak
several languages, perhaps one or more at home, another in village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another for contact with the outside world of wider
social or political organization. Nababan 1993: 27 differs bilingualism and bilinguality. According to
him, bilingualism is a habitual to use two languages to interact with other people. Bilinguality is an ability to use two languages. So, we can conclude that
bilingualism is a habitual; bilinguality is ability and bilingual is the person.
Furthermore, Bloomfield 1933:56 defines the bilingualism as “ability of a speaker in using two languages, in case the using of first language as good as the
second language”. According to Bloomfield, someone called bilingual if shehe able to use the first language as well as the second language. However, many
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arguments toward Bloomfield’s concept about bilingualism. First it is not easy to measure the ability of the speaker in mastering two languages that they use,
second, is there any speaker that using the second language as well as first language, and it is rarely to find someone who master in two languages as well.
2.1.5 Diglossia Diglosia
A diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is one employed in one set of
circumstances H, i.e. has high prestige and the other in an entirely different set L, i.e. has low prestige. For instance, Javanese language has the form of
diglossia since it has the H, i.e. Krama Inggil and also the L, i.e. Ngoko. Ferguson 1959:336 has defined diglossia as follows:
Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language which may
include a standard or regional standards, there is a very divergent, highly codified often grammatically more complex
superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech
community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not
used by any section of the community for ordinary conversation.
On the other hand, Fishman 1972: 136 defines diglossia as “the phenomenon in which one language is considered higher than another”. Fishman
1967 introduced the notion that diglossia could be extended to situations found in many societies where forms of two genetically unrelated or at least historically
distant languages occupy the H and L norms, such that one of the languages e.g. Latin in medieval Europe is used for religious, educational, literacy and other
such prestigious domains, while another language in the case of medieval Europe, the vernacular languages of that era is rarely used for such purposes,
being only employed for more informal, primarily spoken domains.
Furthermore, Hartmann and stork 1972:67 state that:
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Diglossia is the presence in a language of two standards, a ‘high’ language used for formal occasions and in written texts,
and a ‘low’ used to colloquial conversation, e.g. in Swiss German, Arabic, etc. in certain situations, a middle language
between the high and the low standard may be appropriate.
From the explanation above we can conclude that diglossia is a matter between two dialects of one language. In a particular society, the speakers may
use two or more language varieties in a particular situation. Just take for an example in Java, there are two kinds of Javanese that show us diglossia’s cases,
kroma inggil and ngoko. In fact, krama inggil only used by the people who come from upper class orang kerajaan while ngoko is used by the people in Java who
came from common people or the people out of the kingdom lower class.
As the writer state above that diglossia is used to refer to a situation where a language is formally stratified into upper and lower class variety. In addition to
these varieties, there is also sometimes a middle variety. For the situation where more than two stratified varieties are found the term polyglossia may be applied.
Donal Winford,2003. The Balinese and Javanese vernaculars are two languages with polyglossia. Thus, in Balinese or Javanese the traditional speakers of the
languages are socially stratified into social-classes and their language into the speech-leveled varieties. For example in Balinese an English phrase “come home”
may correspond to three different words, namely mantuk, budal or mulih. The first word ‘ matuk’ and the second one ‘budal’ are from higher variety and supposed to
be used by lay people when addressing those who are socially respected or traditionally honored, whereas ‘mulih’ is variety normally used among common
people or between close mates in everyday social encounters. Actually sociolinguistics introduces two types of diglossia, they are the formal and non-
formal one. A formal diglossia is associated with the formally stratified status of the users, as in the case Balinese or Javanese described above, while the non-
formal diglossia is associated with the social and economic condition of the users. The formal diglossia is also sometimes referred to as the traditional diglossia and
the informal diglossia as the modern diglossia.
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Then Holmes 2001:30 states that “diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals”. Holmes also explains that individuals may
be bilingual, societies or communities are diglossic. In other words, the term of diglossia is used to describe societal or institutionalized bilingualism. The criteria
which identity diglossic communities were initially interpreted very stringently, so that few communities qualified as diglossic. Holmes 2001:27 has described three
crucial features of diglossia, they are: 1.
Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high or H variety and the other as a low L
variety. 2.
Each of variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other.
3. No one use the H variety in daily conversation.
2.1.6 Code
