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14. Convey links and connections between events and communicate such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information,
generalization, and exemplification. 15. Use facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal cues along
with verbal language to convey meanings. 16. Develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasizing key
words, rephrasing, providing a context for interpreting the meaning of words, appealing for help, and accurately assessing how well your interlocutor is
understanding you. Those important components in speaking should be mastered by the learners
as the foundation to have a good speaking skill.
c. Teaching speaking
Speaking is one of the most important skills in English teaching and learning that should be mastered by the students. However, speaking is considered
as the difficult skill that should be mastered by the students. Richards and Renandya 2002: 204 argue that speaking a language is especially difficult for
foreign language learners because effective oral communication requires the abilty to use the language appropriately in social interaction. That is way the role of
English teacher is very important to the success of speaking learning process. In the other hand, teaching means showing or helping someone to learn how to do
something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of something; providing with knowledge, causing to understand Brown, 2000: 7. Then, Nunan 2003 in Kayi
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2006 states that teaching speaking means teaching students to be able to speak the language.
There are some principles proposed by Nunan 2003: 54 that should be considered by the teacher in teaching speaking. These are presented as follows.
a. Discern the differences between second language and foreign language learning contex. Teacher will find different challenges depending on the
target language contex. Error in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation will influence foreign students’ ability in communicating.
b. Provide the students with practice in both fluency and accuracy. Teacher should give opportunities to the students to expand both their fluency and
accuracy. Interupting the students when they make oral errors should be avoided and realized as a natural part of learning language.
c. Give opportunities to the students to practice the conversation in group and limit the teacher’s talk. The amount of the time for the students to speak will
be enlarged by pair or group work activities. d. Arrange the speaking activities that include negotiation for meaning.
Negotiation of meaning is the process when the learners make interactions by communicating that engage checking whether the learners have understood
the meaning of learner’s talk. e. Plan activities that provide the guidance and practice in both transactional and
interactional speaking in the class. Based on some principles above, we can summarized that teaching speaking
means teachers provide the appropriate learning activities to improve students’
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speaking skill. In the activities, the students are involved actively in expressing their ideas, feelings, and opinion to other people.
d. Aspects in speaking
