12 reference to the accuracy in the presentation of historical facts. Therefore, it is
necessary to conduct the analysis of cultural and historical backgrounds as references to the further understanding of the story. The second approach, the
psychological approach, is an approach that investigates behaviour of the characters as a human being Roughberger and Woods, Jr 13-15. From the
psychological point of view of human beings, the reasons and motivations behind the actions of the characters may be explained.
2.2.2 Motivation
Human behaviours depend on their motivation. Maslow qtd in Petri 302- 304 proposes a theory of human motivation called Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It
is portrayed as a pyramid consisting of five levels. They are physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, and self actualization. If the needs of the
lower level have not been satisfied yet, the needs above will not be considered as important. The individual is in an emergence situation when she is dominated by
the needs, and when the needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges. Maslows theory of human motivation emphasizes the striving to reach ones
full potential as basic to human motivation. He believes that a person should search for her ultimate goals of behaviour rather than the superficial goals. This is because
her apparent goals might be different from the ultimate goals. Therefore, Maslow considers self actualization, which actually a form of a struggle of rightness as the
ultimate purpose of behaviour. Physiological needs are the very basic needs. They are the primary
requirements for human survival; such as air, water, food, sleep, and sexual activity.
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13 When these needs cannot be fulfilled, human body may feel sickness, pain, and
discomfort. In short, physiological needs are the needs to maintain the internal state of the body qtd in Petri 302.
Safety needs occur after physiological needs are fully satisfied. It is in this level that human search for stability and security. It includes personal security,
financial security, health and well-being, and safety against accident or illness. Maslow also states that safety needs could also be fulfilled by having familiar
surroundings, secure jobs, saving accounts, and insurance qtd in Petri 303. After physical and safety needs are fulfilled, love needs are next on the third
level of the pyramid. This aspect of hierarchy of needs deals with emotionally- based human relationship, namely friendship and intimacy. Humans need to feel
loved by others, to be accepted by others, and to have a desire to belong to groups, such as family, gangs, clubs, and work groups. The love needs require both
receiving and giving of love qtd in Petri 303. Esteem needs presents human desire to be respected and valued by others.
There are two distinctions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the needs for gaining status, fame, prestige, and recognition by others,
while the higher one is the needs for self-esteem, self-confidence, independence, and freedom qtd in Petri 304.
The needs for self-actualization are considered as the final needs. It takes place after the lower level needs have been fully satisfied. The self actualization
refers to an individuals life that is no longer motivated by deficiencies. It is motivated to grow and become all that she is able to become qtd in Petri 305.
Therefore, a self actualized person is a person who feels that she has a meaning in
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14 the world. This will enable the person to be a full person she wants to be.
2.2.3 Freedom
