Critical Approaches Theoretical Review

i. Mannerisms The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies, which may also tell us something about the character.

2. Critical Approaches

Critical approaches provide the methods of analysis and the basis for the judgment of literary works. Therefore, the application will help me to understand the novel more deeply. According to Rohrberger and Woods in Reading and Writing about Literature 1971: 3, a critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature, function and positive values. It is stated that as an art, literature is distinguished from the other arts in that it is a verbal structure, has aesthetic value and the response to literature’s beauty as an art it is called the aesthetic response. There are five approaches proposed by Rohrberger and Woods 1971:6 - 15. The first approach is the formalist approach, which regards only with esthetic value of literary piece. The second is the biographical approach, where the author’s background is used in appreciating hisher work. The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach that is concerned with references from social, cultural, and historical events where the literary work is produced. The fourth approach is the mythopoeic approach. It views that a literary piece contains the themes of ancient myths and folk rite which are included consciously or unconsciously by the author. The last approach is the psychological approach. It PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI deals with identifying any aspects of psychology underlying a certain element of literary work. In this study, I use the psychological approach. Psychological approach is the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns, but from a different body of knowledge that is psychology Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 13. Psychological approach is used to explain about human motivation especially the motivation of the main character, Napoleon, in doing all of his actions. It is because study of psychology deals with the mind, its senses and human behaviour. The main character’s motivation can be seen from his behaviour when he focuses on getting his goal. Through this approach, the character’s motivation can be analyzed deeply.

3. Theory of Psychology