Review of Related Studies

appearance. Whether he is handsome, tall, thin, like parts of the body of the character and the clothes she or he wears. b. Character as seen by another Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe a character through the opinions, attitudes, view, and comment of other characters in the novel. The readers will catch a reflected image of the characters the author means. c. Speech The author can explain a character trough the way she or he speaks and the language she or he uses in a conversation with another, whenever she or he put forward on opinion, so readers will get an insight into the characteristics. d. Past life By allowing the reader learns something about person‟s life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‟s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person‟s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person. e. Conversation of others The author can also give clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. From this readers will learn that what other say about a character may reveal what kind of character she or he is. f. Reactions The author can describe the characteristic by allowing us to know how that person reacts to various situations and events. The reaction may give a clue to what characteristic a character has. g. Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person‟s character directly through the narration especially in third-person narrator. h. Thoughts The author can give us direct knowledge of what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking from the omniscient narrator. i. Mannerism The author can describe a person‟s mannerism, habits of idiosyncrasies that may also tell us something about his character. B.2. Theory of the Relation between Psychology and Literature Literature and Psychology are two different subjects that can influence each other. Psychology can be a good tool to understand literature well. Characters represent as human representation in the literature and it can be analyzed through psychology. As psychology is a body of knowledge which studies human psyche, the most related element of literature to psychology is its or human- like characters. Referring to Barnet‟s explanation about character in Literature for Composition that character is a figure with specific mental and moral qualities; it is obvious that characters are observable through psychology, in term that they consist of unique mental qualities Barnet, 1988: 71. Through literature, a writer overflows all his obsessions. He reveals his psychological tension that suppresses him when he sees that people just often trample on the truth-values. It is apparent that many authors realize the functions of literature dealing with some psychological processes. Although it is not the main purpose, they use literature indirectly as a medium to express and relieve their emotion. Wellek and Warren in their book Theory of Literature confirm that: We may be able to find out the valuable of human character by the way that one cognitive value in the dramas or novels would seem to be psychological. “The novelist or dramatist can teach you more about human nature than the psychologist” is a familiar kind of assertion 1956:25. Furthermore, Bornstein in his book Psychology and its Allied Discipline Humanities volume I states that literature is best at describing the human condition in dramatic form, while psychology has the strength to investigate human‟s character or behavior in systematic ways. The statement means that literature depicts human condition in dramatic way while psychology studies human characteristics systematically. Both subjects have one common purpose that is to depict human condition Bornstein, 1984: 144. According to Wellek and Warren, Psychology and literature have a very close relation in which some literary works talk about psychological cases. They say that people can learn theory of psychology that may be revealed in works of literature by analyzing the works. Furthermore, the important part is the application of the psychological laws within works of literature Wellek, 1956: 81.