Review of Related Theories

moral qualities; it is obvious that characters are observable through psychology, in term that they consist of unique mental qualities Barnet, 1988: 71. Through literature, a writer overflows all his obsessions. He reveals his psychological tension that suppresses him when he sees that people just often trample on the truth-values. It is apparent that many authors realize the functions of literature dealing with some psychological processes. Although it is not the main purpose, they use literature indirectly as a medium to express and relieve their emotion. Wellek and Warren in their book Theory of Literature confirm that: We may be able to find out the valuable of human character by the way that one cognitive value in the dramas or novels would seem to be psychological. “The novelist or dramatist can teach you more about human nature than the psychologist” is a familiar kind of assertion 1956:25. Furthermore, Bornstein in his book Psychology and its Allied Discipline Humanities volume I states that literature is best at describing the human condition in dramatic form, while psychology has the strength to investigate human‟s character or behavior in systematic ways. The statement means that literature depicts human condition in dramatic way while psychology studies human characteristics systematically. Both subjects have one common purpose that is to depict human condition Bornstein, 1984: 144. According to Wellek and Warren, Psychology and literature have a very close relation in which some literary works talk about psychological cases. They say that people can learn theory of psychology that may be revealed in works of literature by analyzing the works. Furthermore, the important part is the application of the psychological laws within works of literature Wellek, 1956: 81. B.3. Theory of Love Somebody who is falling in love with a special person feels something different in his or her life. He or she feels that “a new color” comes into his or her life. It may occur because he or she has found out a special person who is able to fulfill his or her needs of love. Powell 1983:194 states that love is a special type of relationship with another person. It is characterized by a feeling of warm affection and desire for attachment. It can be including caring within family, friendship, idealistic love, and romantic love. Fromm in his popular book entitled The Art Of Loving 1963:18 remarks that “Love is the active concern for the life and the growth of that which we love. Where this active concern is lacking, there is no love.” The statements of love above remind us that love is a thing that we need along our lives for growing and surviving in the world. Fromm also states that the major activity of loving somebody is the activity of “giving”. About this matter, Fromm states Love is an activity, not a passive effect; it is “standing in”, not a “falling for”. In the most general way, the active character of love can be described by stating that love is primarily giving, not receiving. 1963:18 Therefore “giving” here does not mean “giving up” something, being deprived of, or sacrificing. Fromm intends to explain that giving is the highest expression of potency 1963:19. Fromm categorizes love into several types. The types of love are brotherly love, motherly love, erotic love, self-love, and love of God. a. Brotherly love is the most fundamental kind of love that underlies all types of love 1963:39. Brotherly love is love for all human beings; it is characterized by its very lack of exclusiveness. In this kind of love there is the experience of union with all men, of human solidarity, of human atonement. The live is based on the experience that we all are one. b. Motherly love is unconditional affirmation of the child‟s life and his or her needs 1963: 41. There are two aspects in the affirmation of the child‟s life. Firstly, the care and responsibility are absolutely necessary for the preservation of the child‟s life and hisher growth. Secondly, the attitude which instills in the child a love for living and which gives him or her the feeling of good to be alive, good to be a little boy or girl , and good to be on this earth. The love requires unselfishness, the ability to give everything and to want nothing but the happiness of the loved one. c. Erotic love 1963:44 is the craving for complete fusion, for union with one other person. “It is by its very nature exclusive and not universal.” Fromm 1963: 44. Erotic love can inspire the wish for sexual attraction or union. From implied erotic love as a physical love or individual attraction and it is only act of will to love someone, he stated that: Both view then, that of erotic love as completely individual attraction, unique between two specific persons, as well as the other view that erotic love is no thing but an act of will.” 1963: 48. Fromm thinks that erotic love or he implies as physical love is often greatly misunderstood. People often make the mistake of thinking that, because they are attracted to another person physically and they feel a strong feeling, they also feel love for that person. If the relation is only physical, however, it never satisfies the basic need for togetherness “To love somebody is not just a strong feeling – it is a decision, it is a judgment, it is a promise. If love is only a feeling, there will be no basis for the promotion to love each other forever.” Fromm 1963: 47. In fact, if the relationship is only physical or erotic love, it can make people even farther apart than before. It can actually make them dislike, or even hate each other since it emphasizes their basic aloneness “Sexual attraction creates for the moment, the illusion of union, yet without love this “union” leaves strangers as far apart as they were before-sometimes it makes them ashamed of each other, or even makes them hate each other, because when the illusion has gone they feel their estrangement even more markedly than before.” Fromm 1963: 46. From also mention if people are in erotic love, they want a sexual contact for intimacy “For them intimacy is established primarily through sexual contact.” Fromm 1963:45. d. Self – love 1963:48 has several considerations because it still in widespread conceptions. According to Western thought, self- love as “I love myself and I do not love others” is the same of selfishness Freud as quoted by Fromm states that self-love is the same as narcissism, the turning of the libido toward oneself. Biblical idea that “Love thy neighbor as thyself” implies that respect for one‟s own integrity and uniqueness, love for and understanding for another individual. The love for my own self is inseparably connected with the love for any other being. General premises state that we ourselves are the “object” of our feelings and attitude, the attitude toward others and towar d ourselves. Eckhart‟s opinion becomes a clear explanation to understand the idea of self- love: “If you love yourself, you love everybody else as you do yourself. As long as you love another person less than you love yourself, you will not really succeed in loving yourself, but if you love all alike including yourself, you will love them as one person and that person is both God and man…” e. Love of God 1963:53 is also based on our need to love lies in the experience of separateness and the resulting need to overcome the anxiety of separateness by the experience of the union. The love springs from the need to overcome separateness and to achieve union. The understanding about love of God cannot be separated from the history of human development, that God is the creator of human beings. Thus, there is a primary bond between human beings and God. The need to hold the bond will rescue human beings from the anxiety of separateness. C. Theoretical Framework The major concern of this study is to find out how Giovanni‟s point of view of Beatrice reveals his type of love toward Beatrice. There are some theories are used to help the writer to answer the three problem formulation. First, the theories of characterization are used to analyze the main characters in the story. After the first problem formulation has been done, the writer focuses in the second problem formulation. Since the second problem is concerning about Beatrice characterized from Giovanni‟s point of view, the theories of characterization are still used to analyze the main characters in the story. And the last, theories of characterization and theory of love are combined to find out how Giovanni‟s points of view of Beatrice reveal his type of love toward Beatrice. 19

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

Rappaccini’s Daughter is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1844, which presents about the scientifically aspects of research and how far two persons can love each other despite physical barriers. It was published in the collection Mosses from an Old Manse, an anthology short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1844 in New York, United States. The publisher is Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Company. Then many of his short stories collected in Ha wthorne’s Short Story, published in 1955, the publisher is New York Vintage Books. The setting of Rappaccini’s Daughter was in Padua, the southern region of Italy. It was about a beautiful girl, a daughter of Dr. Giacommo Rappacinni. Dr. Giacommo Rappacinni was a medical professor who dedicated his life for his medical experiment. Beatrice, a beautiful girl was educated by her father to continue his experiment. She grew up in the middle of medicine garden without any friends. The plants in the garden were her friends and even sisters. She was a lonely girl because her father never permitted her to go out. Beatrice was like an object of experiment for her father’s science. As a result, she was being poisoned by her father’s medical plant. It happened until she was a teenage girl. Giovanni Guasconti, a medical student of the Padua University became her first friend. He attracted to Beatrice since at the first time he saw the girl. Giovanni’s attention was a new hope for Beatrice’s life. She wanted to reach a happy life beside Giovanni. She wanted to be free from the poison, and be a normal girl like the others. The attention that she accepted from Giovanni replaced her father’s love and fulfilled the loneliness in her life. All she had done were just for Giovanni. She wanted to make her dream came true by drinking a kind of antidote with a new hope that she would recover from the poison. Unfortunately, it killed her. She passed away on the feet of Giovanni and her father in the medical garden.

B. Approach

Since the concern of this study is analyzing about Giovanni’s type of love toward Beatrice, the psychological approach is needed to answer the problem formulation. This analysis deals with character, and type of love. Therefore, psychological approach is appropriate since character is one of the subjects of psychology. According to Lewis Leary 1976: 57 in his book American Literature: A Study and Research Guide, psychological approach is an approach that applies of modern psychology to characters or situation within literary work or to the person who wrote the work. In connection with this approach, Rohrberger and Woods 1971:13 state that psychological approach is focused on psychological interpretation for entrancing the understanding and appreciation of Literature. Psychological approach is appropriate in analyzing this topic because some psychology theories such as theory of love were used to help the writer in answering the problem formulation.

C. Method of the study

In doing this analysis, the writer used the library research method. There are two kinds of data used in the study. First, the short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne Rappaccini’s Daugther was used as primary data. Second, some books such as Abram’s A glossary of Literary Terms, was used as secondary data. Some critical reviews and theories obtained from Internet sites were also used. There were four steps in analyzing this topic. Firstly, the short story Rappac cini’s Daughter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne was read to set the idea of the novel. Afterward, the novel once again was reread to get better understanding and to decide the topic of the analysis. After decidingthe topic, the writer tried to find some critics and comments on Rappac cini’s Daugther.. These comments and criticism were used as further information to analyze the novel. For the next step, the writer formulated three question related to the topic. These three questions were important as the basic problem that needed to be solved. The first question dealt with the major character in the novel. The second question dealt with the major character in the novel seen by other character. And the last dealt with type of love seen through someone point on view of other character. After the problem formulation was formulated, it was important to decide the most appropriate approach of the study that is psychology approach. Afterward, the writer focused to seek some theories related to these three questions. Thirdly, the writer focused on answering the three problem formulations. In this step this novel was analyzed based on some theories and references that related to the analysis. Theories of characterization were used to analyze the first problem and the second problem. Theories of characterization and theory of love were combined to find out the answer for the third problem. The fourth step was drawing the conclusion related to the analysis. After making an analysis, the conclusion should be made as the last part. In this step the analysis were put in some important points and made two or three paragraphs. 23

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

In this analysis, the writer will divide the study into three parts to answer the question formulated in the problem formulation. The first part is to analyze the characterization of the main character; Beatrice. The second part is to analyze the characterization of Beatrice from Giovanni‘s point of view. And the last part is to analyze how Giovanni‘s points of view of Beatrice reveal his type of love toward her.

A. The Characterization of Beatrice

Beatrice is one of the major characters in the story. The other character is Giovanni. They are defined as major characters because their presence has important role to build the plot of the story. Most events of the story present both characters. Beatrice is the focus of the analysis so that the exploration on the characteristic of Beatrice is needed in the analysis. In this chapter the writer wants to make a comparison about the characterization of Beatrice, the comparison between Beatrice characterization from the author and Beatrice characterization from Giovanni point of view, the writer make a comparison because there is different way how the author and Giovanni sees Beatrice. The author introduced and sees Beatrice as a normal human except the fact that she is poisonous person different with Giovanni, Giovanni loves Beatrice but he failed to see Beatrice as a human being, sometimes he scared about Beatrice because Beatrice is a poisonous person. From the comparison, problem formulation number three will be