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k Incentives and rewards are used to promote excellence Rewards are given to the students who get a certain achievement.
Giving a deeper analysis toward all of the points presented in the previous explanation, it can be inferred that these points are goal oriented
meaning that they lead to an idea of reaching learning objective. William and Burden 1997: 47 give nine factors contributing to
effective teaching: the presentation clear, teacher has interest to teach, mixture of strategie to activate students during the lessons, students’
achievement is a priority in the classroom, opportunity to learn standard material, acknowledgement and stimulation of students ideas, critism, use
of structuring comments at the beginning and during the lessons, guiding of students answer.
Based on the previous indicators stated, it could be stated that the characteristics of effective teaching and learning are the learning
objective can be achieved and students are actively involved in the teaching and learning process.
5. Approaches and Methods of ELT
There are some approaches of English language Teaching and learning as Brown 2001 presents as follows:
a Grammar Translation Method The language learning in schools focuses on grammatical rules,
memorization of vocabulary, translations of texts and doing written exercises. Language is much regarded as written language. There is a
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little thought regarding that students should be taught how to speak the language. The language learning is conducted for gaining a
reading proficiency in a foreign language not for communicating. b Oral or Situational approach
Based on this approach, in the second or foreign language learning , there are lots of oral interaction, spontaneous use of language, no
translation between first and second or foreign languages and little or no analysis of grammatical rules. Teaching points are taught through
modeling and practice. Learners only listen to teacher and repeat. It means that teacher is the main agent in the language teaching and
learning. c Audio Lingual Method
To learn the language, practices and drillings are very important. The new material is presented in dialogue form. Then, teacher gives great
emphasis to pronunciation in his language teaching in order to get students to produce error free utterances. Learners have little control,
reacts to teacher direction, and they are passive. d Community Language Learning
There is a view that language learning takes place when group members interact in an interpersonal relationship in which students
and teacher join together to facilitate learning in a context of valuing each individual in the group. Learners are considered as members of
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social group or community; move from dependence to autonomy as learning progresses. Teacher acts as counselor.
e Suggestopedia This approach regards that the human brain could process great
quantities of material if there is right conditions for learning given. Learners are in the state of relaxion and under control of the teacher.
In this case, learners are passive and have little control over content. f The Silent Way
The silent way is characterized by a problem solving approach to learning. Learning is facilitated by problem solving involving the
material to be learned and if learners discover or create rather than remember and repeat what is to be learned. It views that learners
should develop independence, autonomy, and responsibility. In the teaching and learning process, they have to cooperate with each other
to solve language problems. g Total Physical Response
Language learning is associated with physical activity. In TPR classroom, the teacher delivers his teaching by giving instruction then
students listen to it and act it. The teacher act as director and the learners are the listeners and performers.
h Natural Approach In this approach, the essence of language is meaning. So, vocabulary
is the heart of language. It is also presented here, that there are two
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ways of second language development: acquisition-a natural subconscious process- and learning –a conscious process. Then
teacher is the primary source of learning input. Learners play an active role and have relatively high degree of control over content
language production. i Communicative Language Teaching
Language is viewed as a system for the expression of meaning and has a primary function for communication and interaction. The
learning activities involve real communication and language uses which are meaningful to the learner and promote learning. Learners
have an active role as negotiator, and should contribute as well as receive. Teachers facilitate the communication process and act as
participants’ tasks, need analyst, counselor and process manager.
B. The Nature of Team Teaching
