CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter the researcher would like to discuss the review of literature
which has relationship with this research. The chapter is presented in two parts.
The first part is the previous studies carried out by language scholars. Even
though there are many scholars who have done the research related with error
analysis, the researcher here tries to present only five of them. The second part
is theoretical review in which the researcher tries to explore the related theory
to the problem in this research.
A. Previous Studies.
The five scholars of whom their research would be discussed are Lea Gustillo
and Carlo Magno 2012, Summaira Sarfraz 2011, Rohan Abeywickrama 2010,
Joel R. Tetreault and Martin Chodorow 2008 and Dominika Uhrikova 2011.
1. Lea Gustillo and Carlo Magno’s study 2012.
Lea Gustillo and Carlo Magno in their research entitled: Learners’ Errors and
their Evaluation: The Case of Filipino ESL Writer investigated the sentence‐level
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errors of freshmen students at three proficiency levels and the aspects of writing
that raters focused on while rating the essays. Their study is intended to know
whether writers with higher levels of writing proficiency commit the same errors
that low proficiency writers do, whether there are significant differences in the
frequency of errors committed by low, mid and high proficiency writers and
which of those errors significantly decrease essay score.
The research was done in five private schools in Manila Philiphine where they
investigated one hundred fifty essays written by freshmen college students on
their first week of classes. The essays were collected, word‐processed, and
subjected to rating and coding or errors.
Gustillo and Magno in Catalan 1982 said that making error is one of the
most unavoidable things in the world. In language acquisition, learning and
teaching, error has been referred to and has been defined in any ways. In their
research they found that all students commited errors regardless of their
proficiency level. However high proficient students made less errors compared to
the mid and low levels.
The Data Analysis of their research used MANOVA and ANOVA results which
are the quantitative type of research. The data from regression analyses were
used to answer the research questions. From their research we can conclude
that writers of higher levels of writing proficiency commit different errors that
low proficiency writers make.
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Most of the finding in this research corroborate the findings of the previous
studies on error analysis and essay evaluation‐ that sentence‐level errors have a
significant role in essay score. In this study, the word choice and capitalization
errors are significant predictors of essay scores compared with other error types
contradict the findings of previous research. Brown 1993 concluded that article
errors were more damaging in predicting essay scores; Weltig claimed that verb
formation errors are more damaging to writing scores than any error types
because they cause more problems is the transmission of meaning. Then, more
studies are needed to verify these conflicting findings.
2. Summaira Sarfraz’s study 2011
