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AN ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE IN MARC MARQUEZ’S INTERVIEWS

A THESIS BY

CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL REG. NO.110705048

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination

Head,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. NIP : 195411171980031002

Secretary,

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D NIP : 197502092008121002

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 11 July 2015

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 19511013 1976031001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A

Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP

... ……… ……… ... ...

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL

TITLE OF THESIS :AN ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE IN MARC MARQUEZ’S

INTERVIEWS

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT :ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed : --- Date : 11 July 2015

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vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to Jesus, God Almighty, for the blessing and guidance so that the writer finally can finish this thesis. The writer realized that this thesis owes its existence to the help, support and inspiration of several people. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor for their guidance during this research.

The writer also thank to Dr. Muhizar H. Muchtar, MS and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D as the head and secretary of the department of English literature. And I thanked to all my lecturers and employee of office administrative Department of English Literature.

And my deepest gratitude and love goes to my family; my beloved father in heaven Haposan Sitompul and my beloved mother Lince Malau, all my brothers and my sisters, for their unflagging and everlasting love and also unconditional support throughout my life. And for my nephew David and Nuel, who always cheer up my days

I also thank to my good friends Ria, Aurelia and Rouli, who always stay with me in every condition since senior high school.

Finally, a very special thanks also goes out to my friends Beby, Elvi, Florence, Altena, Evi and Yudha. I would never forget your kindness for accept me in my bad condition and also for the contribution to this thesis, helping me with idea, translations and grammar.

Medan, May 18th 2015

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viii ABSTRACT

Language interference is the language phenomenon which is common in bilingual speakers. The data source of this research are 22 interview videos of Marc Marquez in English. The whole video selected randomly from www.youtube.com. These videos transcribed, then find words that getting Spanish phonological interference. The data, that getting Spanish phonological interference, is 250 words collected by listening to the utterances or responses of Marc Marquez. The data analysis of this thesis showed some findings: (1) The types of Spanish phonological interference found in English pronunciation of Marc Marquez’s interviews are replacement phoneme with another phoneme/type B (229 words, 53 replacements), sorting a phoneme into two phonemes/type C (69 words, 38 phonemes that sorting into two phonemes ), sorting a phoneme into three phonemes/type D (14 words. 4 phonemes that sorting into three phonemes ), deletion of a phoneme/type E (32 words, 9 deletions) and the merger of two phonemes into one phoneme/type F (29 words, 8 pair of phonemes that merger into one phonme). (2) Replacement phoneme with another phoneme (type B) is the most dominant type of Spanish phonological interference towards English occurs in Marc Marquez’s interviews. There are 229 words from 250 words categorized into types B of phonological interference, and there are 134 words from 229 which is only categorized pure as type B, because that 134 words is not categorized into another type of phonological interference. And the the dominant replacement is the phoneme /ɪ/ replaced by /i/ (98 replacements).

Keywords: sociolinguistic,, bilingualism, language interference, phonological interference

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ix ABSTRAK

Interferensi bahasa adalah fenomena bahasa yang lazim terjadi pada penutur bilingual. Data penelitian yang mendapat interferensi fonologi bahasa Spanyol adalah 250 kata yang dikumpulkan dengan mendengarkan ujaran-ujaran atau jawaban-jawaban Marc Marquez. Dari hasil analisis data yang dilakukan oleh penulis ditemukan: (1) Jenis-jenis interferensi fonologi bahasa Spanyol yang ditemukan pada pengucapan bahasa Inggris Marc Marquez adalah penggantian fonem dengan fonem lain (tipe B (229 kata, 53 penggantian fonem), pemilahan sebuah fonem menjadi dua fonem/tipe C (69 kata, 38 pemilahan), pemilahan sebuah fonem menjadi tiga fonem/tipe D (14 kata, 4 pemilahan), pelesapan sebuah fonem/tipe E (32 kata, 9 pelesapan) dan peleburan dua fonem menjadi satu fonem/tipe F (29 kata, 8 pasang fonem melebur. (2) Penggantian fonem dengan fonem lain (tipe B) adalah tipe interferensi fonologi yang paling dominan terjadi pada wawancara Marc Marquez, terdapat 229 kata dari 250 kata yang dikategorikan ke tipe interferensi fonologi tipe B, dan terdapat 134 kata dari 229 kata tersebut yang hanya dikategorikan interferensi fonologi tipe B murni, karena 134 kata tersebut tidak dikategorikan ke tipe interferensi fonologi lainnya. Dan pergantian fonem yang paling dominan adalah fonem /ɪ/ menjadi fonem /i/

Kata Kunci: sociolinguistik, bilingualisme, interferensi bahasa, interferensi fonologi

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x TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii

ABSTRACK ... viii

ABSTRAK ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENT ... x

LIST OF TABLE ... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ... 7

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 7

1.4 Scope of the Study... 7

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 9

2.1 Theoretical Background ... 9

2.1.1 Linguistics ... 9

2.1.2 Sociolinguistic ... 11

2.1.3 Language Contact ... 14

2.1.4 Bilingualism ... 16

2.1.5 Interference ... 21

2.1.5.1 Phonological Interference ... 27

2.1.6 Phonological System of Spanish and English ... 30

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ... 41

3.1 Research Design ... 41

3.2 Data and Data Source ... 42

3.3 Data Collecting Method ... 45

3.4 Data Analysis Method ... 45

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ... 47

4.1 Data Description ... 47

4.1.1 Analysis ... 47

4.2 Finding ... 76

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 77

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xi 5.2 Suggestion ... 83 REFERENCES ... 85 APPENDICES

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xii LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. The Alphabet in Spanish and English ... 31

Table 2.2. Vowel of Spanish ... 36

Table 2.3. Vowel of English ... 36

Table 2.4. Consonant of English ... 37

Table 2.5. Consonant of Spanish ... 37

Table 4.1. Replacement Phoneme with Another Phoneme on Marc Marquez Utterances ... 48

Table 4.2 Sorting a Phoneme into Two Phonemes on Marc Marquez Utterances ... 62

Table 4.3 Sorting a Phoneme into Three Phonemes on Marc Marquez Utterances ... 68

Table 4.4 Deletion of a Phoneme on Marc Marquez Utterances...69

Table 4.5 The Merger of Two Phonemes into One Phoneme on Marc Marquez Utterances ... 74

Table 5.1. The Phoneme that Replaced with Another Phoneme... 78

Table 5.2 Phoneme that Sorted into Two Phonemes ... 80

Table 5.3 The Phoneme that Sorted into Three Phonemes ... 81

Table 5.4 Deletion of a Phoneme ... 81

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viii ABSTRACT

Keywords: sociolinguistic,, bilingualism, language interference, phonological interference

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ix ABSTRAK

Kata Kunci: sociolinguistik, bilingualisme, interferensi bahasa, interferensi fonologi

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1.Background of Study

Language is a crucial thing in human life. Language plays important roles of human life because people use language to communicate each other, to express their feeling, thought or ideas either in spoken or written language. It is impossible to communicate without language. Language has a very important position in human life. Human cannot live without language because human needs to communicate their thoughts or ideas and desires to fulfill their needs. Language is the object of study of linguistics. Linguistics is a scientific study of language.

Humans use language all the time. The general function of human language is a tool to communicate. Language is a tool to interact or tools to communicate, in the sense of a tool to express thoughts, ideas, and concepts or also feeling (Chaer and Agustina, 2005: 19). Thus, the most fundamental function of language is a tool of communication. Language, as a tool of communication, is used by human for communicate each other in society because human live in society.

Wardhaugh (1972: 33-38) in Chaer and Agustina (2005: 19) says that “the function of language is a tool of human’s communication, both written and oral”. Kinneavy in Chaer and Agustina (2005: 19) also says that “language have five basic functions, namely expression, information, exploration, persuasion and entertainment”.

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2 In Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1981: 225) in Chaer and Agustina (2005: 22) says that the “communication is a process by which is the ex-change information between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior”. From this definition, communication takes three things, namely participant, the information submitted and language. Participant is the sender and receiver of information. The information submitted is the idea, thought, plan or anything that sender gives to receiver. Language is a tool that is used in communication.

In this thesis, the writer uses English utterances of a MotoGP rider named Marc Marquez as research data. Marc Marquez is popular, especially in MotoGP. Writer is interested in analyze the English utterances of Marc Marquez, because the writer heard Marc Marquez answered questions with English in an interview. At the time of the writer heard the interview, the writer realized that there are deviation in some pronunciation of English words which was uttered by Marc Marquez. The writer realized there is a sociolinguistic phenomenon that occurs when Marc Marquez speak English, namely phonological interference. Phonological interference is one of types of interference that can be known directly when speakers speak. Marc Marquez is a bilingual, who have Spanish as his native language and also use English as his second language. Therefore, the writer raises this phenomenon, which occurs in Marc Marquez’s interviews, as sociolinguistic thesis, namely language interference. The writer wants to analyze the Spanish phonological interference towards English.

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3 According to Winfred P. Lehman (1973: 20) in Lubis (2008:3) “English and Spanish are the member of Proto Indo-European family group. Knowing both languages derived from Proto-Indo-European family group is very interesting to analyze it”.

English is the main communication for people in the UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many other countries. In addition, English is also an official language in commonwealth countries. English is international language and the second most spoken language in the world. As already known that English is the main communication for everyone who wants to communicate with people around the world, so in this world, almost everything that called international is definitely using English, or anything worldwide is required to use English.

Based on Wikipedia, Spanish is one of the wide languages in the world with more than 400 million users as first language or the 600 million people when including non-native speakers (according to estimate in 1999). In Spain, this language is generally called español (Spanish) when contrasting it with languages of other countries, such as French and English, but it is called caste llano (Castilian, language of the Castile region) when contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain, such as Galician, Basque, and Catalan. Spanish is the official language in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

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4 Weinreich in Rusyana (1988: 1) states that” bilingualism is use two languages interchangeably”. Bilingualism can happen for all people in this world. Bilingualism is situation, which is interference very possible occurring. Someone who is bilingual is likely to bring an element of mother tongue or first language in second languages. Of course this will undermine the rules of the second language.

Marc Marquez, who is a bilingual speaker, is a MotoGP rider. Marc Marquez was born February 17, 1993 in Cervera, Lleida, Spain. He began his professional racing career in 2008 in the 125cc class. Marc is a world champion in the 125cc class in 2010 and the Moto2 class in 2012. And he was very young when he won the MotoGP championship, 500cc class twice, in 2013 and 2014. Marc Marquez is the MotoGP winner at the age of 20 years. Marc Marquez broke the old record that had stood for three decades. Before Marquez there is Freddie Spencer who won the MotoGP in 1983 at the age of 21 years. At his young age, he has moved to many countries for the race. Marc Marquez is always moving from one country to another country for race and requires using English as communication.

Communications, which are analyzed here, is not using English in daily communication or everyday conversation, but only while Marc Marquez did interviews of the Spanish media or another media. As someone who likes to move, Marc Marquez definitely using Spanish and English interchangeably. And MotoGP world championship title makes Marc Marquez frequently interviewed by the media of various countries. Marc Marquez also did interviews in various places, not only in Spain. Thus indirectly, Marc Marquez is bilingual, he speaks

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5 in Spanish as his native language and also in English in some interviews. Using more than one language will allow language contact between Spanish and English. It means that linguistic phenomenon called interference can occurs in Marc Marquez.

Marc Marquez is someone who is on the rise in the sport life, especially in the MotoGP in 2013 and 2014, where this sport is quite liked by people in the world. Marc started his professional career in 2008 and this thesis only analyzes the Spanish phonological interference that happened in interview of Marc Marquez when Marc Marquez has become a professional MotoGP rider.

Cecie Kraynak et.al in Spanish: ALL-IN-ONE FOR DUMMIES” (2009:12), state that “Inside the Spanish-speaking world, consonants may be pronounced differently than in English”. For example, in Spain the consonant letter “z” is pronounced like the “th” in the English word ‘thesis’. In addition, there is also vowel letter that has the most striking differences between the Spanish and English. Cecie Kraynak (2009:16) states that “the biggest difference between English and Spanish is almost certainly in the way the vowel are written and pronounced”. English’s vowel letter is not simple as Spanish. English have more than one sound for one vowel letter, but in Spanish, one vowel letter only has one sound.

Weinreich (1970: 1) in Bahri (2008:9) states that “the interference is a deviation in use the norm of language as a result of language contact or the more comprehension of one more language and interchangeably used by the speakers”. Interference is very possible occur if there is language contact. According to

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6 Weinreich (1970: 64-65) in Bahri (2001: 4) one of background of interference is bilingual speaker.

In the case of Marc Marquez, there has been a language contact between Spanish and English because Marc Marquez is a bilingual. And based on Weinreich said that one of the background of interference is bilingual. Speakers are bilingual. Interference will make deviations in the second language. His native language, Spanish interfere his English. As native speakers of Spanish, Marc Marquez also required to use English in several interviews. Language is unique. Unique means that language has a specific characteristic which other languages do not have. Every language has its own characteristics, which other languages do not have. This characteristic may involve the sound system, the system of word formation, formation of sentence system or other systems (Chaer, 1994:51). This means that every language in the world has its own uniqueness, which is not owned by the other languages. Spanish has its own sound system which is of course different from the sound system which is owned English. In several interviews, Marc Marquez use English as the language of communication. Spanish and English differ in sound system, but Marc Marquez, as bilingual speakers use them interchangeably. It is certainly interesting to analyze, how the two languages that have different sound systems are used by the same speaker. The possibility English will be affected by the Spanish language, it’s meaning that there is a deviations of English pronunciation caused Marc use sound system of the Spanish language in English pronunciation. For example, in several interviews

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7 Marc Marquez make a deviation in word “track”. Word track should be pronounced /træk/ but he makes a deviation by pronounce it as /trak/.

Another possibility, no effect, it means that Marc Marquez did not any deviations in his English pronunciations or it could be said that Marc Marquez master in pronounces Spanish and English. He knows the sound system of both languages very well. This thesis will analyze the extent of the interference of the Spanish in the English used by Marc Marquez in some interviews. Analysis is conducted on the pronunciation of English by Marc Marquez. This thesis is going to look at whether sound system of the Spanish language is used in English pronunciation. This thesis will analyze 23 interviews video of Marc Marquez. From all the video, the writer will see every possibility if the interview videos have deviations or not in English pronunciation. Maybe, in one video there is several Spanish phonological interference, or may be no Spanish phonological interfernce in other videos.

Interference is researched and presented by Weinreich in 1950 at the first time. And Weinreich divided interference into several types, i.e. phonological interference, morphological interference, lexical interference. This thesis only analyzes the Spanish phonological interfernce in Marc Marquez’s English interview as a study of language interference.

1.2.Problem of the Study

Bilingualism is one of the backgrounds of the interference. Interference will make deviation in second language. Concerning with this case, the writer raised a problem to be analyzed:

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8 a. What Spanish phonological interferences occur in Marc Marquez’s

interview?

b. Which Spanish phonological interference dominantly occurs in Marc Marquez’s interviews?

1.3.Objective of the Study

Concerning with the problem above, this analysis is intended to achieve some objectives:

a. To find out and describe Spanish phonological interferences in Marc Marquez’s interview

b. To find out the dominant Spanish phonological interference occurs in Marc Marquez’s interviews

1.4.Scope of the Study

Interference can occur in phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon (Weinreich, 1970: 2). This thesis is mainly focus to the phonology of English that are getting interference from Spanish. This interference will make some deviations in English pronounciation. The scope of study in this thesis is to analyze Spanish phonological interfernce which is found in Marc Marquez’s interview. It means that this thesis look for some English words that getting Spanish phonological interference and then categorized it into types of phonological interference.

This thesis focuses to every deviation that Marc Marquez made in his pronunciations because of the interference in several interviews. This thesis only analyzes the language as communication tools in interview not as communication

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9 in daily conversation. There are many videos on YouTube that shows Marc Marquez’s interviews in English, but this thesis will only take 22 videos which are posted in 2013 and 2014.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The results of this thesis are expected to give contribution to related research both theoretical and practical significance. The significant of the study can be read as follows:

a) Theoretical Significance

Theoretically, this study will be able to give an understanding about Spanish interference toward English especially in the phonology aspect, and also to enrich knowledge about phonological interference, especially in Marc Marquez’s interview.

b) Practical Significance

Practically, this analysis can be a reference material for next research in accordance with this topic. And also this analysis is can be useful to the readers who interested in interference and its aspects.

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10 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Theoretical Background

2.1.1 Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of human's language. Linguistic term was used in England in 1837 at the first time. Linguistics comes from the Latin lingua means language. Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss scholar, is the father of modern linguistics. Saussure in his book entitled "Cours de Linguistique Generale” published in 1916. Now, linguistics is defined as one of the social sciences such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, geography and more. Linguistics is often called as general linguistics because linguistics not only discusses specific language but general language.

Wardhaugh (1972:21) in Alwasilah (1993:63) mentions that linguistics is the scientific study of language. In The New Oxford Dictionary of English (2003), linguistics is defined as follows: "the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, comparative linguistics and structural linguistics.

Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (1981:664) in Alwasilah (1993:62) states that “linguistics is the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification of language”.

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11 So it can be concluded that linguistics is a science which examines the written language and spoken language as the object. Linguistics is a systematic, rational, empirical, and general, as the description of reality, the division, the parts and the rules of the language. (Alwasilah, 1993:63).

Crystal (1997) in his book, Linguistic proposes as follows characteristics: a) Explicitness

Linguistics is the explicit means the there is no linguistic rules collide, all thoroughly prepared to not create a double meaning.

b) Systematic

Systematic means everything has rules and patterns. There is a generalization and there are not separate. Linguistics must be aligned and all support one whole. This is because the language as an object of study of linguistics is a system.

c) Objectivity

Linguistics is an objective science that is free from subjective opinion, should not be any opinions, views or personal feelings towards the analysis of a language. All must be real.

The object of linguistics is language. In this point, language as an object of study of linguistics is not the language that is used as a metaphor, like the dance language, natural language and so on. The language is intended as an object of study of linguistics is language in the literal sense, for example, English, Korean and so on. Language as a linguistic object is also distinguished as a spoken language and written language. Spoken language or oral language is the primary object of linguistic while written language is derived from speech language.

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12 Written language is a secondary object of linguistics. The most important thing is that every language basically in the form of spoken language. Only secondarily, language is in the form of the written language. (Verhaar, 2010: 7).

Language may be analyzed in terms of its phonology, morphology, and lexicon, syntax, semantic and pragmatic. Sometimes that term is used to the language studies focusing on the internal elements of language. The studies namely Phonetics and phonology (sound structure of language), morphology (word structure), syntax (Structure between words in a sentence) and semantics (about the meaning or significance), pragmatic (the things relating to inter-person communication tactics in parole, or the use of language, and also involves the relationship between speech language with matters discussed).

In its development, linguistic paired with various other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, neurology and others. This raises a new science such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and others.

2.1.2. Sociolinguistic

Sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary science of sociology and linguistics. According to Dittmar (1976: 127) in Chaer and Agustina (2005: 6) sociolinguistic term was first used by Haver C. Currie an article “A Various Language” in 1952. Currie suggests a study on the relationship between the behaviors of the speech with the social status.

Therefore, to understand the sociolinguistic, we need to understand what sociology and linguistics are. According to Rebach and Bruhn (2001: 5) in Stolley

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13 (2005:1) the study of sociology starts from the basic premise that human life is social life. ... Ssociology is objective and scientific study about humans in society and of the institutions, and social processes that exist in society (Chaer and Agustina, 2005: 2-3). Sociology will also help humans in studying and resolving social problems and to know how to socialize in the community. … linguistic is a science that studies the language, or science that takes language as an object of study. (Chaer and Agustina, 2005: 3). So, sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary science that studies the language and its relation to the use of language in society (Chaer and Agustina, 2005: 3).

Sociolinguistic is one of study about language related by social condition. Shortly, sociolinguistic is study of relationship between language and society. Hudson (1980:4) says, “sociolinguistics is study of language in relation to society”.

Nababan (1984:2) in Chaer and Agustina (2005: 4) says language assessment with social dimension is called sociolinguistics.

Kridalaksana (1978:94) in Chaer and Agustina (2005:4) states that sociolinguistics commonly defined as the study of the characteristics and various variations of the language, as well as the relationship between the linguists to characterize the function of language variation within a language community.

According to Fishman (1972:4) in Chaer and Agustina (2005:4) sociolinguistic is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speaker as these

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14 three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community.

Hickerson (1980: 81) in Chaer and Agustina (2005:5) says that sociolinguistic is a developing sub field of linguistics which take speech variation as its focus, viewing variation or it social content. Sociolinguistic concerned with the correlation between such social factors and linguistics variation.

According to C. Criper and H.G. Widdowson in J.P.B. Allen and S. Piet Corder (Ed) in Chaer and Agustina (2005:5) sociolinguistics is the study of language in operation, its purpose is to investigate how the conventions of the language usage relate to other aspects of social behavior.

Rene Appel, Gerad Hubert, Greus Meijer (1976:10) in Chaer and Agustina (2005:5) state that sociolinguistics is the study of language and its usage in the social and cultural context.

G. E. Booij, J.G. Kersten and H.J. Verkuyl (1975: 139) in Chaer and Agustina (2005:5) state that sociolinguistics is sub disciplines of linguistics that studies the social factors that play a role in the use of language and social interaction.

Wardaugh (1998:12) states that sociolinguistics concern with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in communication. Sociolinguistic includes three things, namely language, society,

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15 and the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistics discusses or review connection with the speakers of the language, language as a member of society. How language is used to communicate between members of the community with each other to exchange ideas and interact with each other individual.

From all the definitions of sociolinguistics could be concluded that sociolinguistics is a branch of science which discusses the relationship between language and society. ... Sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics, which is interdisciplinary with sociology, with the object the study was the relationship between languages with social factors within a speech community (Chaer and Agustina, 2005:5).

Sociolinguistic is not only learning about the language but also learn about aspects of the language, which is used by the public. Fishman said in Chaer and Agustina (2005: 9) that the most important thing in sociolinguistics is, "who speak, what language, to whom, when, and to what for”. Language and language usage is not only determined by linguistic factor but also nonlinguistic factors, such as social status, education level, age, economic level, gender, and etc.

Language as a tool of human’s verbal communication has rules or principles that need to be considered in society. And, sociolinguistic have knowledge about the use of language in society. Sociolinguistics can be used to communicate or interact. Sociolinguistics will give guidance to people in communicating with language, a variety of language or style of the language should we use when we talk to certain people. (Chaer and Agustina, 2005: 9).

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16 Sociolinguistics focus on how language is used, so the language can function well and properly in society. The role of sociolinguistic is to manage the language as the functions well.

Sociolinguistic analyze the language as a tool of public communication. This means that we must understand the position of the language in society. So it is clear that sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics that takes the language and its relationship with the community as an object of study.

2.1.3. Language Contact

Sociolinguistics is the science which discusses relationship between language and speech community. Closed speech community would be the monolingual speech community. The closure of the community because they are isolated or they do not want to open up and interact with other societies, while the open speech community would have relationships with other communities. They want to interact with other speech community. They received another speech community and would have language contact.

According to Thomason (2001: 1) argues that the use of language contact is the event more than one language in the same place and time. The use of this language does not require speakers to speak fluently as bilingual, but the communication between speakers of two different languages was already categorized as language contact.

The result of language contact is pidgins, creol and bilingual language mix. Pidgin and creol occur naturally and together. Thomson (2001: 159) states

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17 that “traditionally pidgin is the language that appears in contact with new situations involving more than two language groups”. Pidgin does not have native speakers. Pidgin is used only for limited purposes such as trade. Pidgin grammar is not selected from one language but rather a compromise or a combination of the two languages in contact language.

Creol contrasted with pidgin because creol has native speakers. Creol formed in contact more than two languages. Creol specifically describe the lexicon not grammar and creol grammar same as pidgin which is a combination of languages in contact language. Someone who may or may not incorporate native speakers of a language lexifier but in fact, some creol languages are native speakers of pidgin language.

Thomason (2001: 198) says that the final result of language contact is bilingual mixed language. This term refers to the fact that the language created by bilingual but slightly skewed because basically there is no limit how many languages can be combined to make mixed bilingual language. Thomason said that he did not know any stable mixed language in which all components are reflected more than two languages.

Thomason (2001: 17-21) explains that the factors that lead to language contact can be grouped into five, namely

a) Meeting of two groups that moved into uninhabited areas b) Displacement one group to another group region

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18 d) The existence of close cultural ties among old neighbors

e) The existence of education or commonly called learning contact 2.1.4 Bilingualism

Bilingual first introduced by Bloomfield (1933: 56) which is defined as the mastery of two languages as native speakers. Nababan (1984: 27) in Kusumawati (2004: 8) differs bilingualism and bilingually. According to him, bilingualism is a habitual to use two languages to interact with other people. Bilingually is an ability to use two languages. So, we can conclude that bilingualism is a habitual; bilingually is ability and bilingual is the person. In sociolinguistics, in general, bilingualism is defined as the use of two languages by a speaker with others interchangeably (Mackey 1962: 12, Fishman 19975: 73) in Chaer and Agustina (2005: 112).

Bloomfield (1933: 56) says that bilingualism is the ability of a speaker to use two languages equally well. This means that, someone said bilingual if the speaker can use a second language as good as the first language. Halliday said that “the person who can use first language and second language equally well called ambilingual” (Fishman, 1968: 141). By Oksaar this called ekulingual (Sebeok, 1972: 481) and by Diebold (Hymes, 1964: 490) called the coordinate bilingual.

In fact the ability of using first language and second language equally is much questionable because there is no way to measure the ability of a person who is bilingual. In fact, the possibility for someone to use second language as well as

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19 first language (B1) was very little, if any, perhaps rare. Bilingualism is not measured by its use but enough to know both languages. For Jaugen ability of second language will always be under the native speakers of second language.

Ridjin argues (1981: 12) bilingualism means quite understand both languages, bilingual person does not have to use two languages at once. If someone has the same capabilities between first language and second language, it means the person has an equal opportunity to learn and use both languages. Normally, someone will have a greater opportunity to use the first language rather than a second language. But it could have been someone separated from his first language speech community, meaning that this person has a greater chance of using a second language. It is very rare to find someone who has the same opportunity to use the first language and second language.

Bilingualism is the use of two or more language by an individual or community (Kridalaksana 1993: 31).

Weinreich (in Rusyana, 1988: 1) states that bilingual as used two languages interchangeably by the same speaker. Weinreich is not restricting bilingual person from the mastery, but rather the use of both languages.

However, Haugen (in Rusyana, 1988: 2) states that the person is said bilingual if that person knows enough of both languages. Bilingualism is the ability to say meaningful utterances in other languages. So based on the opinion of Haugan, someone is said bilingual if that person already knows a second language, although not actively used it as a communication.

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20 From all definition, it can be concluded that bilingualism is related to speaking two languages in the life of a speaker.

Mackey (1970: 555) says that bilingualism is the use two languages or more interchangeably by the same individual. Mackey (1968: 554-555) in Chaer and Agustina (2005: 120) argues that” bilingualism not the symptoms but the nature of the use of language which done interchangeably by bilingual speakers”. According to Mackey, a language belongs to a group or community, while bilingualism is the property of individual speakers.

In bilingualism, first language may affect second language or vice versa. Second language can affect first language. It depends on the fluency of speakers using both languages as well the opportunity to use it. The most common assumption is the ability of first language speakers better than a second language. Generally, speaker learns a second language, after mastering the first language plus, the chance to use the first language more than the second language. Speaker will affect second language.

The opposite can happen when a speaker does not have the opportunity to use their first language. Speakers use second language in a long time. By the time speaker has the opportunity to use the first language but first language of the speaker is mixed with a second language. One of important thing is the ability and knowledge of speakers in determining when to use the first language and second language. It depends on the speaker.

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21 Nababan (1984: 3) divides bilingualism into parallel bilingualism and compound bilingualism. The term was first introduced by Orvin and Osgood (1965). Parallel bilingualism is a full of ability and balance between the two languages, the ability and behavior of the two languages is separately and work independently. Compound bilingualism is a condition that the ability of second language is not as good as the first language. And the use of the second language is much influenced by first language. Ohuiwutun (2004: 211-23) in Maryam (2011:1213) divides bilingualism into three, i.e. parallel bilingualism, compound bilingualism and complex bilingualism. Compound bilingualism is a situation where the mastery of the one language by speakers is better than another one. Parallel bilingualism is a condition which speakers master in both languages well. Complex bilingualism is mastery of speakers to the both language are equally unfavorable. So when using a second language, it will be influenced by the first language and vice versa.

Bilingualism cannot be separated from language contact. Bilingualism is a form of language contact. Bilingual speakers are very likely to have interference. So that, language contact, bilingualism and interference have very close related.

Bilingualism divides into several types based. Pohl (via Ohuiwutum, 2004: 24) in Maryam (2011: 13) divide bilingualism into three types:

a. Horizontal Bilingualism

This bilingualism is the use of two different languages, but each language has equal status both in formal situations or informal situations, such as with family.

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22 b. Vertical Bilingualism

This bilingualism is the use of two languages when the standard language and dialect, whether related or separately owned by a speaker.

c. Diagonal Bilingualism

This bilingualism is the use of two languages or non-standard dialects together but they do not have a genetic relationship to the standard language used by the community.

According to Arsenan bilingualism divided by language skills speakers. Arsenan states bilingualism divides into two, namely:

a. Productive Bilingualism or Active Bilingualism or Symmetrical Bilingualism, This bilingualism is the use of language by a speaker on all aspects of language skills, such as listening, writing, reading, speaking.

b. Receptive Bilingualism or Passive Bilingualism or Asymmetrical Bilingualism

This is the opposite productive bilingualism bilingualism or active bilingualism or symmetrical bilingualism. This bilingualism is a mastery of language by speakers without using it in aspects of language skills.

Mackey (in Rusyana, 975: 33) states that there are four aspects that affect bilingualism. These aspects are:

1. Function

Function point is the purpose and intent of the language speakers. 2. Level

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23 Level means the extent to which speakers know and understand both the language and the extent to which the speakers are bilingual.

3. Substitution

Substitution means the extent of exchange speakers of those languages, how and circumstances as to what language speakers move from one language to another.

4. Interference

Interference is how the speaker to keep those languages apart, how far the speakers of those languages mix and about the influence of one language to another.

2.1.5 Interference

In the speech of someone who is bilingual sometimes encountered any deviation from the norms of language that occurs as a result of the habit of using more than one language (Weinreich, 1968: 1). This is called interference. In sociolinguistics, the term interference is not something unfamiliar.

Kridalaksana (1993: 84) divides the interference by definition. First, the interference in terms of bilingualism, meaning interference that occurs in individuals who use two languages interchangeably. Speakers use characteristics or rules of a language in the use of other languages. Interference is defined as the use of elements of language by bilingual speakers individually in a language and other language features are still visible Second, in terms of language teaching interference means the deviation that occur in their own language as a result

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24 influenced by the language being studied. Interference is defined as language deviation in the first language elements that are brought into another language or dialect. This thesis only analyzes the interference in term of bilingualism.

Interference is one of the mechanisms of language. Interference is a disruption that occurs in speakers due to language contact between the first languages with a second language. Interference occurs because of language contact as the result of bilingualism. Someone who knows two languages can use these languages interchangeably. Selection of the language depends on the speaker and listener, the existing situation, the topic and many more. The use of language interchangeably will lead to interference. Basically, the interference depends on the ability of speakers to use the language. In essence, interference can occur only in bilingual or multilingual speakers.

Interference is the use of elements of other languages in the use of a language, which is a mistake because it deviated from the rules of the language used. Language is a system and language has a system. Changing the system of a language is considered to have violated the rules of the language. Each language has its own system and use a system of one language for a language other languages considered as a disruption. Interference can occur when the speaker uses two systems at once on a language, be it a phoneme, morpheme, word or other. Interference term was first used by Weinreich (1953). According to Weinreich (1970:1) in (Chaer and Agustina, 2005/1995: 159) “interference is a deviation in the use of the language to the norms as a result of language contact or further comprehension of a language and used interchangeably by the speakers”.

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25 In this thesis, the interference occurs because ability of first language and ability of second are not same on the speaker. In sociolinguistics, Weinreich (1952) in his book "Language in Contact" says that the interference is the most talked about and discussed. According to Weinreich, interference changes the system of a language with another. Therefore, the interference commonly also referred to as systematic interference. Interference will change the system language, whether it is the system of phonology, syntax, morphology and other systems.

Mackey (1970: 569) says that “the interference is the use system of a language when speaking and writing in another language. This means that irregularities in the use language”.

Grasjean (1982) in Hoffman (1991: 90) says that “ the interference is the use a language system unintentionally in other languages”.

Hartman & Stork (in Alwasilah, 1985: 131) mention the interference as a "mistake" caused by habits of mother language or mother dialect into a second language or second dialect. Interference is not intentional by speakers but because the speaker is not adept at using the language systems. Mastery of language by a bilingual speaker unbalanced, first language is more advanced than a second language or vice versa. Indeed, interference can occur when the system of first language is mixed with system of second language.

Robert Lado (1957: 217) states that the interference is the difficulties that arise in the process of second language usage in sound, word or construction as a result of differences in habit with the first language.

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26 Chaer (1994: 6) states “interference is when the elements of other languages mix into language that is being used, so that the deviations of rules of the language used is happen”

Interference is a deviation done by bilingual speakers in the use of a second language in sounds, words or grammatical due to the difference between the first language and second language. Interference can be said as a language system changes due to the influence from other languages. It is already common for bilingual speakers. Interference is a common phenomenon in language usage because speaker know or mastery in the system of first language or mother tongue and second language. In other words, interference only occurs in bilingual speaker. Generally, bilingual speaker is much better in first language than second language. Accordingly, interference occurs in one direction only, namely the first language interfere the second language. Interference is an interruption or deviation. As Abdulhayi opinion, et al (1985: 8) in Maryam (2006: 14) that the interference is negative transfer from native language to the target language.

In Dictionary of Linguistics (Kridalaksna, 2008: 95) states that the definition of interference is the use of elements of other languages by bilingual speakers individually in a language.

Ternes in Siregar (2009: 17) says that “interference occurs when a bilingual speaker replace the system of first language into a second language”. Interference is a bad influence for the second language. Ternes (1976: 7) in Siregar (2009: 17) explains that the interference caused by the displacement systems of mother tongue or first language into a second language. When

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27 bilingual speaker replace the system the second language into the system of first language correctly, it is called positive transfer. Instead, when a bilingual speaker replace the system of second language into a first language and a deviation occurs, it was negative transfer or interference.

Based on the theory and opinion from the experts about the interference, it can be concluded that the interference is a linguistic phenomenon that arises as a result of language contact on bilingual. Interference is an event which appears in bilingual speakers due to language contact so that there are a deviation elements and norms of language. Interference is a deviation of language as a result of the speakers does not have the same capabilities between the first language and second language. Interference may take reciprocal, meaning that both the first language and second language can be mutually affecting each other.

The process of interference can occur in all language and to all people. This thesis analyzes the interference of Spanish into English in Marc Marquez. In this thesis the Spanish language is the source language and English is the language that gets interference from source language. The interferences of Spanish in English gives rise to disturbances and irregularities rules of English due to the influence of the Spanish.

According to Weinreich (1970: 64-65) there are several factors that are considered as background of interference, including:

a. speakers are bilingual

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28 c. insufficiency vocabulary of receiver language in facing progress and renewal d. disappearance of the words that are rarely used

e. needs synonymous

f. prestige of source language and style

Garvin and Mathiot (1981: 8) in Pujiono (2006: 20) states that interference can occur because the speaker does not have the following attitudes:

a. Language loyalty, that loyal attitude and loyalty to the language speakers b. Language pride, the proud attitudes on language

c. Awareness of the norm, that is aware of the attitude of the language norm Huda (1982: 17) with reference to the opinion of Weinreich identifies the interference into four types, namely:

a. Transferring elements of a language into another language b. There is change of functions and categories due to displacement

c. Application of the elements of a second language different from the first language

d. Lack of attention to the structure of a second language in view that there is no equivalent structure in the first language.

Chaer (1994: 66) in Pujiono 2006: 1) says that the interference can occur at all levels of language, started from the phonology, morphology, syntax and even lexical.

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29 Jendra (1991: 108) distinguishes interference into five aspects of language. These five aspects of language in the language interference are:

a) Interference in the field of system sounds (phonology).

b) Interference with the formation of the word grammar (morphology). c) Interference on the sentence grammar (syntax).

d) Interference with vocabulary (lexicon).

e) Interference in other areas of the meaning (semantics).

Weinreich (Pujiono, 2006: 14-15) divides the interference of some kind a) Interference in sound elements (Phonology Interference)

Phonological interference is the infiltration of source language sound system intrusion into the recipient language, thus disturbing the recipient language phonemic system.

b) Interference in grammatical elements (Syntactic interference and morphological interference)

On the syntactic interference occur infiltration source language structures into recipient language, thus disrupting the structure of the recipient language. At morphology encountered interference infiltration elements forming the source language words into the language of the recipient

c) Interference in the lexical items (Lexical Interference)

At the lexical interference encountered any intrusion or use of lexical elements from the source language into the language of the recipient.

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30 Based on this classification, this thesis only analyzes the phonological interference in the pronunciation of the speaker. Interference, basically, going to affect a language. Influence exerted a negative influence that would undermine the norm of a language. This thesis will only focus on one type of interference, namely phonological interference assessed at interview bilingual speakers named Marc Marquez. Interference on the phonological level is often called or known as a foreign accent. Phonological form of interference is most easily seen from those of other forms of interference.

2.1.5.1. Phonological Interference

Weinreich (1968: 14) says that the phonological interference or sound interference occurs when a bilingual speaker identify a sound system of second language to the sound system of first language. Usually to generate a sound of second language, speakers will use his or her sound system of native language. Phonological interference occurs when a bilingual speaker uses phonemes system or identifies a second language with the rules of first language. In phonology, phonemes of a language play a very important role.

Interference at the level of sounds or interference phonology is an aberration at the level of sounds the language elements that focus on pronunciation. Therefore, phonological interference is a type of interference that can be studied in spoken language. In any language system are vocal and consonant. And there is a difference between the two languages sound system of a language. This difference raises deviation of pronunciation made by bilingual speakers. It is categorized as phonological interference.

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31 Ternes divides phonological interference into several types (Siregar: 2011, 19-20)

a. Identification

This type of interference is not a negative transfer but positive transfer. For example, a bilingual speaker has a German as a first language and French as a second language. Sound (f, s, m, l, o :) in French is pronounced same as the German language. For example the word lassen in German is pronounced [lasən] and in French laisser pronounced [lese]. Voiceless dental fricative phoneme / s / in the German consonant system is same as in the French language consonant system.

b. Replacement phoneme with another phoneme

This type of interference occurs if in the second language, there are phonemes that do not exist in the first language or mother tongue. Therefore, bilingual speakers'll match and pronounce the phonemes in accordance with phonemes that exist in the native language system.

c. Sorting a phoneme into two phonemes

This type of interference occurs because bilingual speakers replace the sound in a second language consisting of one phoneme with mother tongue consisting of two phonemes.

d. Sorting a phoneme into three phonemes

This type of interference occurs because bilingual speakers replace the sound in a second language consisting of one phoneme with the sound of the first

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32 language or mother tongue into three phonemes. However, the replacement of the phoneme is rare.

e. Deletion of a phoneme

This type of interference occurs because bilingual speakers can not hear the sound or catch a second language. This is because there are very strong differences between the second languages sound with the sound of the first language, so that the sound is removed or is not pronounced.

f. The merger of two phonemes into one phoneme

This type of interference occurs because bilingual speakers replace the sound of the second language that consists of two phonemes into sound that consists of one phoneme in first language.

In this thesis, the writer uses the phonological interference classification according to Ternes. This is because the classification is based on phoneme, auditory interference or differences of phonological system between first language and second language.

According to Lado (1967) and Fries in Siregar (2009: 22-23) argued that bilingual speakers will look for similarities and differences between the first language to a second language. If the norms or rules of the first language with a second language are same, then there is no problem. Speakers will be able to use the second language well. However, if there are difference between the systems of first language with system of second language, bilingual speakers will have difficulty in using the second language and often make mistakes. These deviations and mistake cause interference. Phonological interference in pronunciation occurs

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33 because of differences between sound systems of first language with a sound system of a second language. This thesis will only examine the phonological interference from Spanish to English.

2.1.6 Phonological System of Spanish and English

Speaking in another language, speaker must be able to pronounce the sound of a language properly. Description of each language should include the important things, namely the phonetic characteristics of phonemes language. Spanish uses the Latin alphabet like English. The vowels can take an acute accent, and there is the additional letter ñ. The letter ñ is pronounced different than the letter n. This difference in alphabets does not present a problem for native Spanish speakers speaking English.

There are many similarities between the Spanish and English consonant systems, the differences between the vowel systems and sentence stress present significant difficulties for Spanish speaker. The phonological system of Spanish is significantly different from that of English, particularly in the aspects of vowel sounds and sentence stress. Spanish has 5 pure vowels and 5 diphthongs. The length of the vowel is not significant in distinguishing between words. This contrasts with English, which has 12 pure vowel sounds and 8 diphthongs. The length of the vowel sound plays an important role. Therefore, that Spanish speaker may have great difficulty in producing or even perceiving the various English vowel sounds. Specific problems include the failure to distinguish the sounds in words such as ship/sheep, taught/tot, fool/full or cart/cat/cut.

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34 Producing English consonant sounds is not so problematic for many Spanish learners, but difficult enough. They may have problems in the following aspects:

a) Failure to pronounce the end consonant accurately or strongly enough ;e.g.cart for the English word card or brish for bridge or ‘thing’ for ‘think’ b) Problems with the /v/ in words such as vowel or revive

c) The tendency to prefix words beginning with a consonant cluster on s- with an /ε/ sound; so, for example, school becomes eschool and strip becomes estrip

Table 2.1. The Alphabet in Spanish and English

Spanish uses the Latin alphabet like English. The vowels can take an acute accent, and there is the additional letter ñ. The letter ñ is pronounced different than the letter n. This difference in alphabets does not present a problem for native Spanish speakers speaking English.

The letter "k" and "w' do not occurs in Spanish native words, but the words were adopted in Spanish like ‘karate’, ‘sandwich’ and ‘washateria’. There is a strong correspondence between the sound of a word and its spelling in Spanish. The irregularity of English causes problems when Spanish speaker write

Spanish a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z

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35 a word they first encounter in spoken language or say a word first introduced in written language. Spanish vocabulary is phonetic and is written how it sounds.

A specific problem concerns the spelling of English words with double letters. Spanish has only 3 double- letter combinations- cc, ll, rr. English, in comparison, has 5 times as many. “Spanish learners often reduce English double letters to a single one, or overcompensate by doubling a letter unnecessarily” (Coe, 1987, p.99) in Steier (2012, p.7).

In any language system there are vowels and consonants. In general, the system sounds are distinguished on vocals and consonants (Chaer, 2007: 113). Vocal sounds produced by the vocal cords open slightly and the air coming out is not an obstacle. Vocal sounds are classified on the position of the tongue and mouth shape. The position of the tongue can be vertical and horizontal., vertically divided into high vocal, vocal middle and low vocals, classified horizontally on the front vocals, middle or center vocal and back vowel, then based on the shape of the mouth distinguished vocals are rounded and unrounded.

While the consonant sounds occur after the air flow through the vocal cords open slightly or a bit wide, forwarded to the oral cavity or nasal cavity with challenged in certain places of articulation. There are voiceless consonant sounds that do not exist, while all the vocal sound has it. Chaer (2007: 116) says that the consonant sounds can be divided into three, the position of the vocal cords, place of articulation and manner of articulation.

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36 The position of the vocal cords consonant divided into:

a. Voiced, occurs when the vocal cords are only open slightly, causing vibrations in the vocal cords.

b. Voiceless sound, occurs when the vocal cords a bit open rather wide, so there is no vibration of the vocal cords.

According to Rahyono (in Siregar, 2009: 11) in outline, how to articulate can be grouped into seven types of articulation. This grouping is based on inhibition of the air flow and the articulation of the role in make sounds. Type these obstacles are as follows:

a) Plosive / Stop

This articulation is done by blocking the total air flow or shut down completely and releasing the air flow by the active articulator suddenly, causing the explosion.

b) Fricative

This articulation is done by blocking the air flow portion. Fixed air can flow through a narrow gap formed by the active articulator and passive articulator. Active Articulator will approach the passive articulator, forming a narrow gap so that air passing over a disruption.

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37 c) Affricative

This is a blend between the articulator articulation blast (plosive) and shear (fricative). Air flow is fully inhibited by the active articulator, then make explosion in total through a narrow slit formed passive articulator.

d) Nasal

Articulator is done by blocking the flow of air through the mouth full and open air flow path toward the nasal cavity. Air out through the nasal cavity freely.

e) Trill

This articulation is done by touching the active articulator to passive articulator in a row to form a like vibration. Active articulator streak will make contact with the passive articulator so that the sound vibrations occur repeatedly.

f) Lateral

These articulations is done by blocking the air flow in the center of the mouth by the active articulator, then give way for air flow or let the air out through the side of the tongue

g) Approximate

This articulation is done with articulator active and passive articulator form spaces that approached the open position as in the formation of vocals, but not narrow enough to produce shear. Active articulator move towards passive articulator and then moving away back in when the air flows out. This sound is often also called semi-vocal sounds.

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38 h) Continuant

Continuant is a oral continuants:

i) Flap

Flap is a type of contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.

Based on the passive articulator, can generally be grouped into six areas articulator, namely:

a) Labial, the articulation is done on the upper lip b) Dental, the articulation is done in top gear

c) Alveolar, the articulation is done in the gums above d) Palatal, the articulation is done in the hard palate e) velar, namely articulation generated in the soft palate

f) Glottal, which are not produced by the articulator, but by closing the glottis in total. (Siregar, 2009: 12)

g) Post alveolar consonants (sometimes spelled post-alveolar) are the which are at the ridge itself, but not as far back as the hard articulation for

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h) Labio dentals are

upper

There are five vowel sounds in Spanish with corresponding sound in English a as in father, e as in step, i as in machine, u as in ooze and o as in over. But vowel sound o it’s roughly corresponding with sin English . When hearer or audiences listen it carefully, it’s different.

Table 2.2. Vowel of Spanish

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40 Table 2.3. Vowel of English

long short long short long short

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41 Table 2.4. Consonant of English

Table 2.5. Consonant of Spanish

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42 Notes :

* This phoneme can also be transcribed with the IPA (International Phonetics Association) symbol /ʧ.

Phoneme

Letter “s” can also be transcribed as [ ʃ ].

In Spanish, the position is very important phonemes in the phoneme writing, although it does not affect the sound of the phoneme. The following is a phoneme which has certain provisions about the position of the phoneme

a) Position of /b/, /d/, /g/

It is a characteristic of Spanish and all its varieties to pronounce /b/, /d/ and /g/ soft (fricative) when they are between vowels or in consonant clusters.

/b/

[b] at the beginning of the word after a pause and after /m/, /n/: enviar: /en‘biaɾ/ > [em‘biaɾ]; ámbito: /‘ambito/ > [‘ambito].

[β] rest of positions: Eva: /‘eba/ > [‘eβa]; abre: /‘abɾe/ > [‘aβɾe]; habla: /‘abla/ > [‘aβla].

/d/

[d] at the beginning of the word after a pause and after /n/ or /l/: andar: /an’daɾ/ > [an’daɾ]; toldo: /tol’do/ > [tol’do].

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43 [ð] rest of positions (like “the” in English): hada: /’ada/ > [‘aða]; tarde: /’taɾde/ > [‘taɾðe]; ajedrez: /axe’dɾeθ/ > [aχe’ðɾeθ] or [axe’ðɾes].

[-] elision of "d" in the colloquial register of Peninsular Spanish and Canary Islands, mainly in the combination /-ado/: cansado: /kan’sado/ > [kan’saðo] or [kan’sao].

/g/

[g] at the beginning of the word after a pause and after /m/, /n/: mango: /’mango/ > [‘mango].

[γ]rest of positions: hago: /’ago/ > [‘aγo]; negro: /’negɾo/ > [‘neγɾo]; algo: /’algo/ > [‘alγo].

b) "ll" and "y"

[j] ~ [ǰ] in the majority of the Spanish-speaking world (Spain (cities) and Latin America). "Yeísmo" is the non distinction of "ll" and "y". They are pronounced the same: cayado – callado: /ka’jado/ > [ka’jaðo] or [ka’ǰaðo].

[ʎ] is the pronunciation of "ll" in rural areas of Spain. In these areas, this sound is different from "y" [j]: cayado: /ka’jado/ > [ka’jaðo] vs. callado: /ka’jado/ > [ka’ʎaðo]. It sounds like "lj".

[š]* (or [ʒ]). In Argentina and Uruguay both "ll" and "y" are pronounced [š] (or voiced [ʒ]). This phenomenon is called "rehilamiento": callado – cayado: /ka’jado/ > [kašaðo] or [ka‘ʒado].

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44 CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design

This research is a descriptive qualitative method, where data collected will be analyzed. According to Bogdan and Taylor 1975) in Moleong (2002: 3), qualitative method, as one of a research procedure, is a method which produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words of people and behaviors that can be observed.

In addition, the method used in this research is descriptive method. This is due to the data collected, analyzed, and presented descriptively. Descriptive method is different from other methods, such as prescriptive or other methods. Descriptive method has several characteristics, namely (1) not concerned about right or wrong object studied, (2) an emphasis on the actual symptoms or occur in the time of the study, and (3) usually not directed to test the hypothesis .

Descriptive method is not to test a particular hypothesis, but merely describes a variable, symptoms or the actual state.

Djajasudarma (1993: 8-9) in Sinambela (2008: 35) says that the descriptive method is a method that is able to give an explanation in a systematic, factual and accurate data, characteristics and relationships of phenomena under study and produce scientific data. Descriptive method will only describe a variable, symptoms and conditions just the way it is. Descriptive method is a method of research that makes the description of the situation of event or

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45 occurrence. descriptive method can be defined as a procedure of solving problems that investigated the situation by describes the object of the subject or of research. In this thesis, the data obtained will be described by conducting exposure and a description of the research object. This thesis applying content analysis method, by way of linguistic and sociolinguistic analysis on utterances of English pronunciation by Marc Marquez and explain it descriptively. The analysis is done by identifying the phonological interference obtained from all video interviews collected then analyze and describe it.

The purpose of this thesis to determine the Spanish phonological interference toward English happens to interview Marc Marquez. To support this research, the writer also use library research in the form of written sources, such as textbooks, related thesis, dictionaries and more. Nawawi (1991: 30) says that library research is a research done by collecting the data from many kind of literature from, whether in the library or any other place.

This analysis is done objectively and based on the selected data is collected in accordance with the purpose of this thesis, to explain phonological interference in the study of sociolinguistic.

3.2 Data and Data Source

The source data is the video that taken from YouTube Marc Marquez period in 2013 and 2014. In this research, the data will be examined based on the consideration of the suitability of the data to the research

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46 objectives. In order to collect data on phonological interference that occurs in Marc Marquez, 22 videos was taken with the assumption that the videos have a lot of data about phonological interference. The selected video is a video published on YouTube in 2013 and 2014. The data is derived from interviews of Marc Marquez in English. This thesis will analyze the interview only when Marc Marquez uses English.

The data of this thesis is the English utterances by Marc Marquez in some interviews. The speech was taken from a video interview of Marc Marquez on the YouTube site in period of 2013 and 2014. Twelve of that videos is a very short interview that the writer found from the official YouTube of MotoGP. That twelve videos is a interview after race for rider in the first, second and third position in that race. It’s only for the rider who get the podium in that race.Phonological interference data is found in the form of speech or utterances of the video and it will be transcribed in written form or words. In other words the data obtained is qualitative data in the word form. The data obtained is not the data in the form of numbers and graphs, but in the form of words, thus categorized as qualitative data.

Here is the title of the videos data which will be analyzed along with the duration and date of publication.

1. Marc Marquez | Interviews | Motorcyclenews.com (12:21) March 29, 2013 2. Marc Marquez Interview by BBC (4: 13) June 16, 2013

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47 3. MotoGP Racer Marc Marquez Answer Your Questions | Alpinestars (4:52)

April 8, 2013

4. Marc Marquez Interview –MotoGP Star Talks Men’s Fashion (4:40), July 20, 2013

5. Alpinestars MotoGP Star Marc Marquez meets Legend Freddie Spencer (7:18), June 11, 2013

6. #ASK Marc Part 1- The Answer | Las Respuestas (3:57), March 19, 2014 7. #ASK Marc Part 2- The Answer | Las Respuestas (3:49). April 14, 2014 8. #ASK Marc Part 3- The Answer | Las Respuestas (4:49), March 4, 2014 9. After The Flag : MotoGPTM World Champion Episode (16:51), October 28,

2014

10. Marc Marquez Interview – Staying Motivated Despite MotoGP Dominanc (4:15), September 1, 2014

11. MotoGP™ Americas 2014 -- Marc Marquez interview (0:52), April 14, 2014 12. MotoGPTM Argentina 2014 – Marc Marquez Interview (1:07), April 27,

2014

13. MotoGPTM Assen 2014 – Marc Marquez Interview (1:20), June 29, 2014 14. MotoGPTM Catalunya 2014 – Marc Marquez Interview (1:19), June 15,

2014

15. MotoGP™ Indianapolis 2014 – Marc Marquez interview (0:58), Agust 11, 2014

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48 16. MotoGPTM Jerez 2014 – Marc Marquez Interview (1:21), May 19, 2014 17. MotoGP™ Le Mans 2014 -- Marc Marquez interview (1:21), May 19, 2014 18. MotoGPTM Mugello 2014 – Marc Marquez Interview (1:21), June 2, 2014 19. MotoGP™ Qatar 2014 -- Marc Marquez interview (0:54), March 24, 2014 20. MotoGPTM Schsenring 2014 – Marc Marquez Interview (1:25), July 14,

2014

21. MotoGPTM Sepang 2014 – Marc Marquez Interview (1:07), October 27, 2014

22. MotoGPTM Valencia 2014 – Marc Marquez Interview (1:10), November 10, 2014

3.3. Data Collection Method

The type of data that is required in this thesis is a form of utterances or statement in an interview of Marc Marquez in English. Collecting data in this thesis is done by observation and documentation techniques, choosing the data in the form of video interviews Marc Marquez uploaded to YouTube in the period 2013-2014. Then download the video interview of Marc Marquez appropriate with the objectives of research.

3.4. Data Analysis Method

The data analysis are total 22 videos. The data are selected from YouTube. The selected data is analyzed in a way hearing and classifying forms of phonological interference obtained. The method used in this research is listening

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49 method. Thesis will listen to each pronunciation in English is done by Marc Marquez in 22 interviews. In a research of phonological interference is necessary to know sound system of both languages. Therefore knowing the sound system of both languages is important. With knowing the sound system of both languages, it will more easily to found deviations, violations, or mistakes that may be made by bilingual speakers because it uses the system first language in the use of a second language which is commonly known as phonological interference. So, knowing the sound system of both language is very helpful because phonological interference research can be traced every mistakes made in pronunciation by bilingual speakers in second languages.

This thesis uses descriptive qualitative method. This method will analyze the qualitative data, in the form of word and describe it. This method will provide an explanation of Spanish phonological interference. Although using descriptive qualitative method, this thesis also calculates the frequency of Spanish phonological interference which occurs. According to Djajasudarma in Fiktulloh (2011: 30-31), qualitative method in linguistics is always supported by quantitative calculation in terms of the data.

In analyzing the Spanish phonological interference in this thesis, there are a few simple stages. First, the data, which is the utterances or speech of Marc Marquez in English, is collected from the YouTube. Second, the videos as data source, which is the get Spanish phonological interference, is selected, and transcribed into written form. Then, the data that have Spanish phonological interference, is grouped and transcribed into phonetically form. The transcript the

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50 data is classified and identified based on their deviations. Furthermore, the data is analysis, the writer use Oxford Dictionary for analyze the word that get Spanish phonological interference. The last, the result of the analysis is concluded

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89 Table 5.3 The Phoneme that Sorted into Three Phonemes

No Sorting a Phoneme into Three Phonemes Frequency

1 Phoneme /ʃ/  /sja/ 2

2 Phoneme /ʃ/  /sje/ 1

3 Phoneme /ʃ/  /sjo/ 6

4 Phoneme /ʃ/  /tjo/ 4

Table 5.4 Deletion of a Phoneme

No Deletion of a Phoneme Frequency 1 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /h/ 4 2 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /d/ 1 3 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /j/ 4 4 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /ɪ/ 17 5 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /ə/ 1 6 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /ʊ/ 2 7 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /s/ 2 8 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /i/ 1 9 Speaker doesn’t pronouce consonant /t/ 2

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90 Table 5.5 The Two Phonemes that Merger into One Phoneme

No The Merger of Two Phonemes into One Phoneme

Frequency

1 The phoneme /e/ and /ɪ/ merge into one phoneme /a/

3 2 The phoneme /ə/ and /ʊ/ merge into one phoneme

/o/

15 3 The phoneme /ɪ/ and /ə/ merge into one phoneme

/i/.

3 4 The phoneme /ʊ/ and /ə/ merge into one phoneme

/u/.

1 5 The phoneme /e/ and /ɪ/ merge into one phoneme

/e/.

1 6 The phoneme /a/ and /ʊ/ merge into one phoneme

/o/.

2 7 The phoneme /e/ and /ə/ merge into one phoneme

/e/.

2 8 The phoneme /f/ and /t/ merge into one phoneme

/f/.

Type B of the phonological interference occurs dominantly in 22 interview videos of Marc marquez. Replacement phoneme with another phoneme (type B) is the most dominant type of Spanish phonological interference towards English occurs in Marc Marquez’s interviews. There are 229 words from 250 words categorized into types B of phonological interference, and there are 133 words from 229 words of phonological interference is only categorized pure as type B, since that 134 words is not categorized into another type of phonological interfernce. And the dominant replacement is the phoneme /ɪ/ replaced by /i/ (98

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91 replacement). It shows that mayority, the bilingual speaker replace the phoneme /ɪ/ of the second language (English) into phoneme /i/ of first language (Spanish).

Letter ‘h’ doesn’t have sound in Spanish, it makes Marc Marquez delete sound letter ‘h’ in some words, like word ‘have’ (/hæv/  /´af/). Sometimes, Marc Marquez as the speaker replace phoneme /h/ of second language into fonem /x/ of first language, because in some words phoneme /x/ of first language suitable to replace phoneme /h/ of second language, for example , word ‘happy’ (/ˈhæpi//xeˈpi/).

Phonological interference is a common thing for bilingual speakers. Usually, the phonological interference does not interfere the meaning of the words that is uttered by the speaker. That is, although the words that is uttered by a speaker gets phonological interference of his first language, the audience or hearer still know and understand these words. So, when Marc Marquez spoke in English in some of the interviews, there are Spanish phonological interference in some English words. However, listeners or hearer still know and understand that English words which is uttered by Marc Marquez. And from this thesis is known that the Spanish phonological interference that most common in the English l which is uttered by Marc marquez is replacement phoneme with another phoneme (type B)

5.2 SUGGESTION

The writer hope that this thesis could be a reference for those who want to write about the phonological interference especially Spanish phonological

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92 interference using Ternes’s theory. And the writer suggest that students of English Department should do further research about the Spanish phonological interference used in other video, movie, or another resources. Hope that this thesis be useful for science and linguistics. The writer realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect, therefore any constructive criticism, comments and suggestions concerning with the analysis in this thesis from the reader will be highly appreciated. And last but not least the writer expect this thesis can provide something helpful and fruitful for readers who are interested in studying phonological interference, especially Spanish phonological interference toward English.

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93 References

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94 Pujiono, Muhammad. 2006. Interferensi Gramatikal dan Leksikal Bahasa

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