Reduplication Modification Suppletion Morphological Process

2.2.2 Reduplication

Reduplication is a special kind of morphological process forming new words either by copying an entire free morpheme full reduplication or part of it partial reduplication Booij 2007:35. This process is illustrated by the following examples Uhlenbeck in Booij 2007:35: a Full reduplication baita ship baita-baita various ships sesupe ring sesupe-sesupe various rings omaha house omaha-omaha b Partial reduplication various houses jawah rain jejawah to play in the rain tamu guest tetamu In the examples of partial reduplication, the prefix consists of a copy of the first consonant of the base form followed by the vowel e. to visit In English we never find such reduplication as in Javanese language. However, some linguists have mentioned some words in English that can be classified as a word derived from reduplication process. The process of reduplication in English is not aimed to change from singular to plural but it is more concerned to the rhythmic of the word. Most of reduplication is informal or familiar and the most common uses of them are: tick + tock = tick-tock tip + top = tip-top see + saw = see-saw zig + zag = zig-zag Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.2.3 Modification

Modification is also one of the processes in forming word as an alternative form. There are two kinds of modification; zero modification and internal modification. In zero modification, the morphemes do not undergo only change in some situation. The form of the base form is the same with the new word. It can be used in alternative form either as singular to plural or as infinitive to past and past participle. Examples: 1. To change singular to plural Singular Plural sheep sheep deer deer 2. To change infinitive to past and past participle Infinitive Past Past Participle cut cut cut hit hit hit Internal modification is the process of changing a certain morpheme of a base form in order to form a new word. Examples: Singular Plural woman women foot feet

2.2.4 Suppletion

Supp letion is about irregularity taken one step further. There is no phonological similarity between the different forms of a morpheme Booij 2007:33. Universitas Sumatera Utara Suppletive forms are morphologically complex forms in which the connection between the base and the newly created form is not obvious at all. We know that the regular past form is formed by suffixing -ed. Anyway what happens when we make the past of these base form: go past = went take past = took buy past = bought The result of went and took have nothing to do with the base go and take. This is a process of suppletion.

2.2.5 Compounding