Table Qualitative Data Collection Types and Sources of Data Adapted from Creswell, 2007
Table 3.6. Table qualitative data collection types and sources of data
Data Collection Types
Sources Product
Purpose
Interviews Research
participant Interview
transcription, interview note,
audio and audio file recording.
- Elicit participants’
narrative story -Anticipate and
pursue emergent leads and clues
-Form the basis for interpretation to
build meaning and understanding
Observations -The research
participant’s behavior, attitude
and actions. -Appearances,
events, occurrences and activities in the
immediate setting classroom and
institution Observation notes
and video recording file
- Link, connect and confirm facts and
findings - Get description of
external behavior and immediate
physical realities of the participants and
research setting. - Achieve
trustworthiness
3.8.1.2. Analyzing of Class Observation Data
There were several stages in analyzing the data in this study: 1 preparing the data in the form of transcription by transcribe the class observation data. 2
Categorizing the teacher talk and student talk based on the observation.3 conducting coding on the teacher talk and student talk based on the Flander Interaction Analysis
Coding System FIACS by from Flander 1970 cited in Hai and Bee 2006. During PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
the process of analyzing data, the researcher needed to managed, sorted out and ensure for the type and pattern. Later to get clear and valid finding of what exactly
happened in classroom. After that the researcher analyzed the pattern of interaction into three
categories, namely: teacher direct talk, teacher indirect talk and students’ talk. In
order to analyze the pattern of interaction, the researcher selected teacher and students talk from the transcripts and put them those categories.
Table 3.7 Verbal Interaction categorization Flander cited in Hey Bee 2007 Focusing of Teacher talk and Student Talk
Category Type
Talk or Utterance Content Cross
Teacher dependence on questions and lectures
Lecturing
Teacher gives facts or opinion about content or
giving her own explanation
T: “The second thing we will use this paper for
wrapping the bottle this way. Oh my bottle is small
so I can cut the paper like this” 4048
Questioning
Teacher is asking question about content or procedure
and expecting answer from students
T: “Let’s listen to Fiona. What are the material
come out from the volcano when it is erupting
?”
3015 Teacher Control
Extensive commands and reprimands by the teacher
Giving Direction
Teacher gives directions, commands or orders which
student is expected to comply with
T: “After you have finished to make sandwich. You
will go outside to grill the bread. And we will have
party
” 2030
Criticizing or Justifying
Teacher asks ‘what ‘and ‘why’ to the students to
change students’ behavior from unexpected to
acceptable behavior. T:”I think Stefani has to
pay attention, you don’t even finish your space
shuttle ” 4072
Teacher Support
Teacher’s reinforcing and encouraging students
Accepts feeling
Teacher accepts the feelings of the students
T: “Good morning friends. On Monday Miss Martha
told you about how to save the earth
” 4.001
Use student idea
When the students’ ideas are accepted by the teacher
then teacher may repeat in her own word.
T: “So according to Nathan. The rocket need
fire to be launched to the outer space
” 4.011
Praise encouragement
Teacher praises of encourages student action
or behavior T:
“Good, we can build nice and comfortable tent”
3031
Student Participation
Students’ response to the
teachers’ behavior Student Talk Response
The student talk in response to the teacher’s
talk S: “Gold and silver”
4024 S:
“That is corn shape” 2045
Student Talk Initiating
Talk by students that they initiate, expressing own
ideas, initiating a new topic and going beyond the
existing structure. S: “I have ever tried the
marshmallow and
the color is colorful I also like
the taste” 2.026
Silence Pause, short periods of
silence and period of confusion in which cannot
be understood by the observer.
T: “Do you know some sign when volcano will
erupt? Do you know?”
S: “….” silence 4025
3.8.1.3. Ensuring Trustworthiness of research Result
