3. for other researchers This study is hopefully able to encourage and motivate other researchers to
conduct further research on this topic.
G. Definitions of Terms
To give more understanding to the readers about this study, the writer provides definitions of some terms.
1. Designing Designing is the same as creating a new set of materials that fit the
learning objectives and specific subject area of particular learners Hutchinson and Waters, 1994, p.106. By designing a set of materials, teachers will have a
guideline in conducting a teaching-learning activity. In this study, the writer defines designing as making a set of materials based on the students’ needs to
obtain the objectives. 2. Instructional Material
Gagne and Briggs 1974 stated that “Instruction is the means employed by teachers, designers of materials, curriculum specialists, and other whose
purpose is to develop an organized plan to promote learning” p. 19. While materials are means in teaching learning process to help students in obtaining both
general and specific instructional objectives Ely, 2000, p.7. In this study, the writer defines instructional material as a means in teaching learning process,
which is designed through an organized plan to help students to achieve learning objectives.
3. Task-Based Learning Willis 1996 stated that “In task based learning, communication tasks
involve learners in an entirely different mental process as they compose what they want to say, expressing what they think or feel” p.18. Skehan 1998 as cited by
Brown 2001: p. 50 defined a task as an activity in which there is some sort of relationship to comparable real-world activity.
Using the previous principles, the writer wants to clarify task-based learning in this study as a learning activity that uses tasks which are close to real-
life situation to help students compose what they want to say and express their thought, feeling, and ideas.
4. Junior High School Junior high school is a level that students have to go through after they
pass their elementary school. It is compulsory for Indonesian students to go through elementary and junior high school. The junior high school takes three
years of study. The students start the junior high school in grade seven. 5. Self-development Activity
A self-development activity is an integrated part of curriculum structure, conducted once a week for two hour learning, equals to 2 x 40 minutes. This is
aimed to provide students with an opportunity to develop and express themselves based on their needs, talent, and interest according to the school condition Body
of Education National Standard, 2006, p.8. In this study, a self-development activity refers to an activity that provides students with more opportunities in
speaking and a bit of writing as a method to help them express themselves. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
