2. Determining Goals, List Topics, and State General Purposes for Each Topic Kemp’s model
After getting the result of needs analysis, then the writer can list some topics to teach. Then, the writer determines the goals and general purposes for
each meeting. 3. Specifying Learning Objectives Kemp’s model
After stating the general purposes, the writer specifies learning objectives. 4. Listing Subject Contents Kemp’s model
After knowing the topics, the writer can list the subject content for each topic.
5. Selecting Teaching-Learning Activities Kemp’s model After having the materials from the previous steps, the writer selects the
teaching-learning activities, so that the materials can be delivered effectively. 6. Preparing the Lesson Plans Yalden’s model
To make the teaching-learning activities run efficient, the writer prepares the lesson plans as guidance in conducting a lesson.
7. Designing the Instructional Materials Yalden’s model After all sources are completed, the writer designs the instructional
materials using task-based learning. 8. Evaluating the Materials Yalden’s model
The next step is to evaluate the materials. The writer conducts the evaluation by distributing a questionnaire some English teachers and English
lecturers. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9. Revising the Materials Kemp’s model After having the feedback from the evaluation process, the writer
considers some of the feedback to revise the materials. The combined plan can be summarized in figure 2.3
Figure 2.3 The combined plan used to design the English instructional materials.
1. Conducting Needs Survey
2. Determining Goals, List Topics, and State General
Purposes for Each Topic
4. Listing Subject Contents
5. Selecting Teaching- Learning Activities
6.
Preparing the Lesson Plans
8. Evaluating the Materials
9. Revising the Materials 3. Specifying Learning
Objectives
7. Designing the Materials
37
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology used in this research. This chapter will discuss in detail about research method, research respondents, setting, data
gathering instruments, data analysis techniques, and research procedures.
A. Method
This study deals with two main problems. The first problem is how to design a set of English instructional materials for the eighth grade of Junior High
School students in a self-development activity. The second problem is how to present the designed materials. To solve the problems, the writer set up a method
namely research and development R D. Borg and Gall 1983 stated that educational research and development R D was a process used to develop and
validate educational products p.772. It consists of a cycle in which a version of the product is developed, field-tested, and revised on the basis of field-test data so
that the product can be used in schools. The major steps in the R D cycle are as follows:
1. Research and information collecting – Includes review of literature, classroom observations, and preparation of report of state of the art.
2. Planning – Includes defining skills, stating objectives determining course sequence, and small scale feasibility testing.
3. Develop preliminary form of product – Includes preparation of instructional materials, handbooks, and evaluation devices.
4. Preliminary field-testing – Conducted in from 1 to 3 schools, using 6 to 12 subjects. Interview, observational and questionnaire data collected and
analyzed. 5. Main product revision – Revision of product as suggested by the preliminary
field-test results. 6. Main field-testing – Conducted in 5 to 15 schools with 30 to 100 subjects.
Quantitative data on subjetcs’ precourse and postcourse performance are collected. Results are evaluated with respect to course objectives and are
compared with control group data, when appropriate. 7. Operational product revision – Revision of product as suggested by main
field-test results. 8. Operational field testing – Conducted in 10 to 30 schools involving 40 to 200
subjects. Interview, observational and questionnaire data collected and analyzed.
9. Final product revision – Revision of product as suggested by operational field- test results.
10. Dissemination and implementation – Report on product as professional meeting and in journals. Work with publisher who assumes commercial
distribution. Monitor distribution to provide quality control. In this study, the writer took the first five steps namely research and
information collecting, planning, developing preliminary form of product, preliminary field testing, and main product revision.
