5 Sharing Personal Experiences This task encourages learners to talk freely about themselves and share
their personal experiences to others. Processes involved in this task could be narrating, describing, exploring and explaining attitudes, opinions, reactions.
6 Creative Tasks These tasks are often called projects and sometimes need out-of-class
activities. The tasks can involve combination of task types such as listing, ordering and sorting, comparing and problem solving.
c. Types of Activities
Pattison 1987 in Nunan’s book 2004 provided seven types of activities. They are:
1 Questions and Answers These activities are based on the concept of creating an information gap. In
the activities, learners are to discover their classmates’ knowledge, opinions, experiences, etc.
2 Dialogues and Role-Plays These activities can be wholly scripted or wholly improvised. However, if
learners are given choices about what to say, they may be willing to participate more than when they are told to repeat a given dialogue in pairs.
3 Matching Activities In this task, learners are to recognize matching items, or to complete pairs
or sets. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4 Communication Strategies These activities are designed to encourage learners to practice
communication strategies such as paraphrasing, borrowing or inventing words, using gestures, asking for feedback and simplifying.
5 Pictures and Picture Stories Many communication activities can be stimulated using pictures and
picture stories. The activities can be spotting the differences, testing memory, telling a story based on sequencing pictures, etc.
6 Puzzles and Problems These activities require learners to make guesses, draw on their knowledge
and personal experience, use their imagination and test their powers of logical reasoning.
7 Discussions and Decisions These activities require learners to collect and share information to reach a
decision.
4. Syllabus
In order to have a successful teaching and learning process, teachers need to have a guideline or a plan on what material that the students will learn. We
usually call the plan as a syllabus. As Hutchinson and Waters 1987 stated in their book that a syllabus is a document which says what will be learnt p.80.
Nunan proposed another understanding of syllabus. He stated that a syllabus is a statement of content which is used as the basis for planning courses of various
kinds, and that the task of the syllabus designer is to select and grade this content PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
