Review of Literatures REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL

―myth‖ as analyzing the data. It was different from the previous study, which merely applied denotative and connotative in analyzing data. The next review entitled ―Visual and Verbal Signs of Memes Based on Movies Character‖ by Kresna 2015. This study discussed about classifying and finding the relation between signifier and signified of the verbal and visual signs of memes. This qualitative study applied Saussure theory to find signified and signifier of verbal and visual signs of the memes and Dyer theory of types of Visual Communication. The relevance to this study is both are using a theory of Saussure about Signified and Signified and the relation between visual and non- verbal the data. The difference between this study and the present study is the previous study used internet memes as data source, however the current study use mural as data source and the present study analyzed the ―myth‖ of the data source. Third ly, the undergraduate study entitled ―Semiotic Analysis of Character‘s Motions in Marvel‘s Comic Iron Man 3 Prelude – Iron Man Extremis‖ by Wibawa 2015 mainly focused on the analysis of the meanings of the character‘s motions and the relationship between the character‘s motion and textual devices in creating the event in the five pages of the comic. The data of his study were taken from Marvel Comic’s book entitled Iron Man 3 Prelude – Iron Man Extremis edition 2013 written by Chisto Gage with Will Corona Pilgrim. The theories applied to support his paper are theory of semiotic proposed by Saussure 1983 to analyze the first problem about meaning of the signifiers and signified of the character‘s motions, and theory of relationships in comic from Scott McCloud 1993 to analyze the second problem about the relation between the character‘s motions and textual devices in creating the event. The data of his study was descriptively analyzed by using qualitative method. The result of his study was the charact er‘s motions which consist of signifiers and signified were illustrated truly similar like people or human‘s motion in real life. For example, a picture of a person who does a wrestling move looks like what it happens in real life. Also, it proves that the clear events of each panel in the comic book were produced by the relations between the character‘s motions and the textual devices – speech balloons or sound effects. In his study, he analyzed the signifier and signified in visual sign in appropriate way, however, the way he analyzed the signifier and signified in verbal signs does not explained detail and clear. Besides, the way he used main theory proposed by Saussure are similar with this study. An article on International Journal entitled ―The Semiology Analysis In Media Studies: Roland Barthes Approach‖ by Feyrouz Bouzida focused on the application of semiology in media studies according to Barthes approach, in the way that emphasizes the nonverbal communication, the visual image, the photograph as a sign system. Additionally, the process of semiology in this field refers to signs in all their manifestations, linguistic or nonlinguistic, which involve the signifier and the signified as the main components of media signs according to the cultural phenomena including: films, photographs, fashion, advertising... etc. On the other hand, Barthes semiological approach is highly applied in media analysis as a qualitative approach that can be applied to media texts in which the readersreceivers as a key aspect plays an important role in the construction of meanings and giving interpretations in association to his experiences and socio- cultural background. Thus, Barthes works makes valuable contributions in understanding media signs that are expressed by two messages the first is denoted and the second is connoted in the process of significance. The last is an article on Journal of Media and Communication Studies 2015 named ―Reinterpreting Some Key Concepts in Barthes‘ Theory‖. This journal makes clear some basic concepts in semiotic studies like signifier, signified and referent and core concepts in Roland Barthes‘s theory restudied with new developments especially in connotateurs, meta-language and meaning transfer, which play a key role in understanding how myth constructed with the two mechanisms of naturalizing and generalizing. With the new understanding, the paper studies the representative signs from television and their semiotic function and concludes that meaning transfer is the fundamental way for media signs to construct new meanings. In accordance with the previous studies and article on international journals related to the verbal and visual signs, this study focused on the description of verbal and visual sign on mural. However there were some differences to the present study. Then, this study also has strong point in analyzing the third meaning known as the ideology of murals in Denpasar. All of the previous studies that reviewed gave a lot of contribution to the future study.

2.2 Concepts

The concepts used in this study including the concept signs, the concept of meaning, visual signs and verbal signs.

2.2.1 Concept of Signs

Signs take the form of words, images, sounds, colours, gestures, acts or objects. According to Fiske and Hartley 1978: 37, ―the central concerns of semiotics are the relationship between a sign and its meaning; and the way signs are combined into codes‖. In the discussion of study of sign, the framework is summarized into three fields of study:

1. The sign. This entails the study of the various types of signs, and the

different ways they have of conveying meaning, and the way they relate to the people who use them.

2. That to which the sign refers. In other words, the codes or systems into

which the signs are organized.

3. The users of the sign. The culture within which these codes and signs

operate. Fiske, 1982: 43 Saussure 1916: 16 describes a language as a system of sign, which has meaning by virtue of its relationship to each other. He defines the linguistic sign as a two sided psychological entity consisting of a concept signified and a mental image signifier. Thus the signifier is the term for the sign itself mental image and the signified refers to the mental concept. The relationship between the signified and signifier is called signification. Saussure 1916: 113 stresses that the signifier and signified were as inseparable as the sides of a piece of paper. He also emphasizes the arbitrariness of the sign. In the context of natural language, he stresses that there is no necessary connection.

2.2.2 Concept of Meaning

According to Hornby 2008: 920, meaning is 1 ―is the things or ideas that somebody wishes to communicate to you by what they say or do‖ 2 ―the thing or idea that a sound, word, sign, etc. represen ts‖ i.e.: Utterance Meaning Turn off the lamp Ordering to turn the lamp off The denotative meaning of the sentence above is ‗understand what you mean to say‘. Meaning is the idea that is represented by a word, phrase, etc. Meaning can be defined as a characteristic attributed to signs in a very wide sense of the word, including not only linguistic expression, such as markings on map, road signs, smoke signals, and the other various signals. Further, meaning of the pictures of human gestures in mural is the idea of an event that wants to be illustrated by the illustrator.