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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
To make a good analysis, the researcher of this thesis should be supported by several related theories. The theories which are applied in this thesis are definition
and principle of translation, process of translation, type of translation, concept of passive voice and shift.
2.1 Meaning And Principle of Translation
There are some definitions of translation already put forward by different linguists. Catford 1965: 20 defines translation as the replacement of textual material
in one language by equivalents textual material in another language. The use of textual material underlies the fact that in normal condition it is not the entirety of a
SL which is translated, that is, replaced by TL equivalents because at one or more levels of language there may be simple replacement, by nonequivalent form. Larson
1998:3 writes that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first
language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. The meaning which is transferred must be held constantly only the form changes. Thus,
translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language, analyzing it in order to
determine its meaning, and then restructuring this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the target language and it cultural
context. Bell 1991:11 remarks that a good translation should be that in which the
merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which
that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. This definition suggests that there are three laws which should be well adopted in the
process of good translation, namely: 1 That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; 2 That the style and manner of writing
should be the same character as that of the original; and 3 That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
In brief, translating a text or written translation is not only changing one language into another language, but also sending a meaningful message so that the
readers can understand. It is because translation deals with many aspects, such as social aspects, cultural aspects and linguistic aspects. Translation has an important
role to make the text grammatically correct and natural as a result the text can be easily understood by the readers. The goal of translation is generally to establish a
relation of equivalence between the source and the target language.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet 1995, there are some qualities according to which translation can be judged as good or not. They include the following three
basic qualities: 1.
Accuracy It means correct exegesis interpretation of the source message and transfer
the meaning of that message as exactly as possible into the target language. 2.
Clarify There may be several different ways to expressing an idea; a translator
normally chooses the way that communicates most clearly; the way that ordinary people will understand.
3. Naturalness
It is important to use the natural form of the target language, if the translation is to be effective and acceptable. A translation should not be found foreign.
The translator is constantly struggling to achieve the ideal in all these three areas. It is not an easy work when it seems impossible to reconcile all three,
then “accuracy” must have priority.
2.2 Process of Translation
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