Determiner DET Emphatic marker EMPH

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3.3.2.3.1 Determiner DET

The determiner can precede the N constituent. This determiner uniquely identifies a referent. Often it occurs preceding kinship terms in a noun phrase, which at first appears unnecessary. However, understanding that kinship terms are used productively for people that share a blood relationship and for people that do not share any blood relationship, then the determiner + kinship term clarifies that the kinship term is used in a literal sense of the word. In example 20 above, the participant referred to as + ‘her older sister’ is in fact the girl’s older, biological sister.

3.3.2.3.2 Emphatic marker EMPH

When follows a noun or pronoun whether explicit or zero it is an emphatic marker EMPH which serves to highlight its antecedent. 25 + + rabbit EMPH go.down to earth ‘The rabbit himself got down on the ground.’ [IS01.030] In direct speech, first person references are often zero, but the emphatic marker may still be used. 26 a. XCL don’t 2S.M do this brother.old . K K K K + 1PL.INCL EMPH DEM1 go ask person ‘Oh, don’t you do like this son We 9 ourselves here will go and ask them.’ [IS14.1035] 9 When a young man is interested in a young lady, the mother, father, and maybe other relatives go and ask the young lady’s parents if they are agreeable to this marriage. The young man, himself, does not go with them on this initial visit. 35 The occurrence of in a possessive construction indicates that the possessor refers to the subject of the immediate clause. 27 + after that DET grandmother DEM3 go.back to house 3S.POSS EMPH ‘Then the grandmother returned to her own home.’ [IS05.0113] 3.3.2.3.3 Constrastive marker CTR In this study, I have called a constrastive marker; however, this is a tentative label. Vogel 2000:460 treats as another phonological variant of the possessive pronoun suffix 2 . I have distinguished them as two separate words in this analysis for two reasons: 1 their distribution is different and 2 both forms can occur in the same phrase. The contrastive can follow a noun proper or common, a pronoun, or a possessive pronoun as the following examples illustrate. Whether its function is truly contrastive is beyond the scope of this study. It does seem to reflect an accusatory or critical evaluation of a situation. In the following example, the older sister is tattling to her mother about her younger sisters activities. She hopes to accuse the younger sister of wrongdoing. In this clause, the older sister uses after the younger sister’s name, which has an isolating, accusatory effect. 28 + H + H 2222 hey mother look 2S.F say mother Jii-Mlii CTR ‘Hey Mother, can you believe Jii-Mlii, Mother?’ [Fish 92] In the next example, Jii-Mlii has just arrived at the gravesite where people are doing the seventh day scaring the ghost ceremony for her. Since she is still living, this 36 ceremony is unnecessary. The use of the contrastive marker as she addresses the crowd creates a distance between Jii-Mlii and her understanding of the situation, and the crowd who have misunderstood what happened to her. 29 + 2222 what do PL-2S.F CTR ‘What on earth are you all doing?’ [Fish 532] The contrastive marker can follow a possessive pronoun as seen in 30 . 30 + L 2222 + + why not see 2M.POSS CTR DEM3 former far truly field bachelorette Joom ‘Why did you not see that Bachelorette Joom’s field is very far away?’ [IS14.142]

3.3.2.3.4 Numeral phrase NumP