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Table 31: Distribution of N2 category in the Fish story
N2 Jii-Mlii
Jii-Mpoon Smelt-fish
Uncles Mom of sisters People Total Ø
6 6
2 1
2 1
18
In example 122, the speaker in the first clause is the bull owner. In the second clause the cow owner addresses the bull owner, who takes a zero reference. In a repartee
conversation, the entire quote formula can also be elided. 122
+ K K uncle 3S.APP reply
not have ‘Uncle, he the bull owner replied to the cow owner, “I do not have...” ’
K K
K K
3S REL graze cow female ask
what child cow ‘The one who grazed the cow asked the bull owner, “Which calf?” ’
[Cow 20, 24, 25]
7.1.7 Non-subject is in a different non-subject role N3
Due to the linear counting for these categories, the N3 category encompasses a variety of participants and environments in which they are found. By definition, the N3
category is for those non-subjects that are involved in the previous independent clause, but in a different role than that covered by N1 or N2. The common feature of the non-
subjects for this category include the fact that the participant is active due to its prior mention in the preceding clause. In this environment, the default is zero, making up 52
1427 of the all the data. Instances of over-coding will be covered in Chapter 8.
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Table 32: Distribution of N3 category in the Cow story
N3 Cow owner
Bull owner Rabbit
Total Ø
1 1
2
PRO 1
1
PRO+RC 1
1
NP 1
1
Total: 1
2 2
5
The Cow story contains a variety of referring expressions for the N3 category. Example 123 gives the previous clause and the clause that contains the non-subject
referent. 123
+ +
3S curse rabbit from behind say
‘He the cow owner cursed rabbit from behind saying, “quote.” ’ +
after that rabbit hear 3S curse
‘After that rabbit heard him curse.’ [Cow 74 78]
Table 33 illustrates the distribution of referring expressions in the N3 category for the Fish story.
Table 33: Distribution of N3 category in the Fish story
N3 Jii-Mlii
Jii-Mpoon Smelt-fish
Mom of sisters Total
Ø 5
1 5
1 12
NP 2
2 4
NP+TSM 1
1
KIN 1
1 2
KIN+POSS 1
1
DET+KIN 1
1
DET+KIN+TSM 1
1
Total: 11
1 9
1 22
The data for the Fish story is more revealing than the data from the Cow story. Ten of the 12 occurrences of a zero referring expression occur when the non-subject is
the addressee, usually at the start of a speech act, otherwise it would have received an N2
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coding. A zero is sufficient because the participant is already active from the previous clause and rarely is the addressee made explicit. Another common environment for the
N3 category occurs when the non-subject is the subject in the previous clause and this is coded more heavily than a zero.
Examples 124 and 125 below illustrate a participant in the N3 category that is not an addressee, followed by a participant in the N3 category that is an addressee, both
coded as zero. 124 +
after that 3S DEM3 return ‘After that she Jii-Mlii returned home.’
+ +
K K
K K
+ DET sis.old 3S.POSS DEM3 former follow steal
from behind ‘Her older sister stealthfully followed Jii-Mlii from behind.’
[Fish 142-3]
125 + K
K K
K H
after that enter separately at DET mother DEM3
After that Jii-Mlii entered where the mother was.’ H
+ K
K K
K mother bachelor fish smelt DEM3 say
‘Mother of Bachelor Smelt-fish said to Jii-Mlii...’ [Fish 423-4]
The data in the Life story for the N3 category makes the referents explicit because there are many people and historical figures in this brief, biographical account of a
turbulent time in Cambodia’s history. Anything less would have proven difficult to follow with the many names and dates.
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Table 34: Distribution of N3 category for the Life story
N3 Lon Nol’s soldiers
Khmer Rouge Mlong Chon’s kinfolk
Total NP
1 1
2
KIN+POSS 1
1
Total: 1
1 1
3
7.1.8 Non-subject is not mentioned in preceding clause N4
