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instances, or is the addressee given in a quote formula 6 instances. In example 184, Jii-Mlii is being restaged postverbally with a motion verb.
184 +
+ arrive
return DET sib.young 3S.POSS from DEM3 ‘From there, her younger sister arrived home’
[Fish 306] In the Fish story, regarding the type of referring expression for restaged
participants, seven are proper names and six are kinship terms for participants whose names are never revealed, e.g. mother of Jii-Mlii. Other referring expressions used are
kinship terms that are unambiguous from the context, e.g. ‘her younger sibling’. For the Cow
story, both a pronoun + relative clause and a kinship term + relative clause are used for the bull owner and the noun ‘rabbit’ is used for Rabbit. Each referring expression
makes the restaged participant unambiguous. Example 185 illustrates Smelt-fish’s mother being restaged and then the next clause where she is topical. The subject in the
second clause is explicit because it is an initiating utterance cf. §8.3.8. 185
HHHH sound
arrive mother bachelor fish DEM3
‘The sound reached Bachelor Fish’s mom.’ HHHH
+ K
DET mother bachelor fish DEM3 say ’The mother of Bachelor Fish said to him...’ [Fish 282-3]
8.3.4 Confrontation C
The discourse operation Confrontation has two basic methods for over-coding that signals this discourse operation—in the referring expression or by making the addressee
explicit. In both of the third person narratives, the norm is for confrontation to be dealt
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with in quoted speech. As a way to highlight a speech containing confrontational material, two different methods are used. First, the addressee is often made explicit in the
quote formula. Secondly, the subject referring expression may be over-coded. One of the confrontational speech acts in the Cow story has an explicit addressee as given in
example 143 above, repeated here as example 186. 186 +
after that 3S speak give to 3S REL graze cow male ‘After that he spoke to the one who grazed the bull...’
[Cow 56] The next example 187 makes it explicit to whom the speech act is directed,
though no explicit addressee is given. 187
+ +
3S curse rabbit from behind say ‘He cursed rabbit from behind saying...’
[Cow 74] In the example above, Rabbit is the object of the verb
‘curse’ prior to the speech verb. While this does not constitute an example of an explicit addressee, I include
it because it presents all of the participants in an explicit way. Two quote formulas over-code the referring expressions for the bull owner with
the addition of a thematic salience marker and another with the distal demonstrative are explained in §5.5.3 and §5.5.2.2. While most of the references to the cow and bull owners
are with a pronoun + relative clause or a pronoun, a referring expression consisting of a kin + relative clause or kin + pronoun apposition is more heavily coded. This latter
referring expression often occurs at episode boundaries as well as in two confrontational situations. In example 146 above, the bull owner is referenced with
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‘uncle who grazed the bull’. This reference occurs in the peak episode which is a highly charged situation. The second time the bull owner is referred to in this way is after
the cow owner asks him why he has not been eating. The quote formula 188 uses the kinship term for the bull owner to mark the content of the quote. In the speech that
follows, he states that he is worried about the calf—the conflict around which the story is based.
188 +
uncle 3S.APP reply ‘Uncle, he, replied...’ [Cow 20]
The Fish story contains narrated clauses that describe confrontational situations. In these clauses, the referring expression for the antagonist contains the most lexical
items, as illustrated in examples 162 and 189. In example 189, the addition of the emphatic pronoun makes the referring expression an example of over-coding.
189 +
bachelor fish smelt EMPH DEM3 pretend NEG turn at.all DET fiancée TSM ‘Bachelor Smelt-fish himself pretended not to turn and look at all at the fiancée.’
[Fish 403]
Similar to the Cow story, most of the conflict is dealt with in quoted speech for the Fish story. The ensuing conflict may be preceded by a quote formula that makes the
addressee explicit or the subject may have heavier coding. In the entire Fish story, 11 explicit addressees are given in quote formulas. Seven of the 11 instances 64 occur
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before a confrontational speech act.
41
In example 190, Jii-Mpoon returns home from secretly following her sister. The mother, who is the addressee, is made explicit. In the
ensuing speech, Jii-Mpoon tattles to her mother about Jii-Mlii’s activities and suggests that the mother should scold Jii-Mlii.
190 K +
HHHH tell
to DET mother 3S.POSS DEM.up
‘Jii-Mpoon told her mother up there, “quote.” ’ [Fish 91]
One other interesting example of over-coding before a confrontational speech act occurs when Jii-Mlii finally wins the argument about keeping the fish. At the start of the
argument, the sisters are referenced as + ‘younger sibling’ and + ‘older sister’. Later
in the argument, the referring expression changes with the addition of the determiner + ‘the younger sibling’ and
+ ‘the older sister’. Finally, in the quote formula before Jii-Mlii ends the argument, the referring expression is even more heavily coded with the
determiner and the addition of a possessor 191. 191 +
+ ++
+ +
after that DET sib.young 3S.POSS say ‘After that her younger sister said...’
[Fish 58]
8.3.5 Locally contrastive L
