Dart is an activity that is designed to challenge pupils to engage with text. Darts can be used to illustrate the concept of chronology, the importance of
clearly sequenced instructions or the structure of any text. Information texts can also be cut up to help pupils to see how the component parts fit together to lead
the reader through the text. Therefore, through Dart game makes the students ready when they are going to express their ideas based on the instruction of Dart
board. For example, the picture of the dart board is “Bon Rabbit”, so the task of
students is to describe “Bon Rabbit”.
2.2.4 General Concept of Speaking
2.2.4.1 Definition of Speaking
Speaking is a part of daily life that we take for granted. Speaking is viewed as a primary skill because people are starting the ideas in their native language through
spoken language. Bygate 1987 defines, “speaking is skill which deserves
attention as much as the literary skill in both native and foreign languages ” pp.
vii. In another definition, Brown 2004:141 argues that speaking is a productive skill that can be directly and empirically observed. After people are able to speak
in their native language, they begin to develop the reading and writing skill. Based on the terms of speaking above, it can be concluded that speaking is one of
language skills that used to deliver ideas, opinions, thoughts and also show feelings.
2.2.4.2 The Importance of Speaking
Fulcher 2003: 23 defines , “speaking is the verbal use of language to
communicate with others. ” The purposes of speaking for communicating with
others are so large that they are innumerable, and as these are not a book about human needs and desires we will not even attempt to provide examples. Richards
2008:2: 2 mentions Speaking establishes and maintains social relations, and the
transactional functions, which focus on the exchange of information. Therefore, it helps people to express and share the idea what go
through their mind.
In our general community, speaking becomes the communication medium of social solidarity, of social ranking, of professional advancement and of
business relationship. Therefore, we can see the personality trait and the ability of each people by predicting their capacity and the content of their speaking.
Actually speaking becomes the simple way to intercommunicate and interaction to others.
2.2.4.3 Basic Types of Speaking
According to Brown‟s theory 2004:141, there are five basic types of speaking, as follows:
1 Imitative At one end of a continuum of types of speaking performance is the
ability to simply parrot imitate a word or phrase or possibly a sentence.
2 Intensive The production of short stretches of oral language designed to
demonstrate competence in a narrow band of grammatical, phrasal, lexical, or phonological relationships such as prosodic elements -
intonation, stress, rhythm, juncture.
3 Responsive In the interaction and the test comprehension, but at the somewhat
limited level of very short conversations, standard greetings and small talk, simple requests and comments.
4 Interactive The difference between responsive and interactive speaking is in
the length and complexity of the interaction, which sometimes includes multiple exchanges andor multiple participants.
5 Extensive monologue Extensive
oral production
tasks include
speeches, oral
presentations, and story-telling, during which the opportunity for oral interaction from listeners is either highly limited perhaps to
nonverbal responses or ruled out altogether.
Brown, 2004:141
2.2.4.4 General Concept of Spoken Monologue Descriptive Text
