and content of the dreams, he was led to believe that there exists a set of symbols which are common to all men and which can be
interpreted in light of the individual’s experience 13.
B. Theory of Psychology
This part discusses the psychological sides of the main character, particularly which are related to the theory of motivation and behaviour. This
is the significant thing that I need to make the analysis of the novel.
1. Theory of Motivation and Behaviour
People do something that they consider as a good way in order to survive in this life. However, they conduct the behaviour, whether is good
or not, for them. They will keep on struggling. In doing a certain thing, there must be motivations under laying their actions.
There are many definitions of motivation given by different psychologists. According to Bootzin, et. al, 367 motive is “the dynamic
property of behaviour that gives it organization ever time and that defines its end states”. The “corresponding” process of the motive is called
“ motivation” 367. Bootzin, et. al also add that a person behaviour is
“ organized”. Therefore, we can say that the behaviour is conducted by
some “purpose and it leads to some end states, which may be goal or satisfaction of needs” 367.
Motivation can be stimulated either from external condition which is called “incentives” or from internal condition which is called “drives”
368. It is also stated that motivation which is caused by external rewards is called “extrinsic” motivation. While the one which is caused by the
individual’s established preference is called “intrinsic” motivation 383. According to John Jung, in his book Understanding Human
Motivation, the basic serial nature of the human condition is well captured in the immortal lines of John Donne: “No man is an island, entire of itself;
every man is a piece of the piece of the continent”. It means that every human being are highly dependent on the protection and nurturance of
other human in order to survive physically. Throughout life, one finds oneself in one association or another with other people 190.
Based on those statements above, the tendency to associate is inherent in the nature of human needs. Human being can not survive
without any assistance from others. Human being’s early experience teaches them that affiliation with other human is a positive situation.
Therefore, the negative early social interactions may lead to a basic mistrust of others in later years.
Most people enjoy and seek acquaintances from other. Human affiliate not only because they need other people but because human hope
that others will reciprocate by accepting, liking, and seeking our presence. On the other words, if no one is attracted to us or calls upon us for help or
companionship, our self – concepts may suffer depression. People enjoy being popular and being liked by others.
Human’s behaviour is heavily influenced by the approval or disapproval of others. Indeed, many actions are deliberately selected to
enhance the receipt of social approval. Although the search for social is not identical with the needs of affiliation, a close relationship may exist. In
fact, one consequence of the need for social approval may be affiliation, and it is possible that the continuation of an affiliation depends on whether
or not social approval comes 190 – 193. Handoko in his book Motivasi Daya Penggerak Tingkah Laku
states another definition of motivation. He says “motivasi adalah suatu tenaga atau faktor yang terdapat di dalam diri manusia, yang
menimbulkan, mengarahkan, dan mengorganisasikan tingkah lakunya” .
A motivation is a power or factor inside the human’s trait, which is able to arouse, to lead, and to organize human behaviour itself. Handoko also
states the word “motive” suggest to “drive”. He says “suatu alasandorongan
yang menyebabkan
seseorang berbuat
sesuatumelakukan tindakanbersikap tertentu” 9 motive is a reason or
drive which causes human to conduct or do something or act out certain behaviour.
In motivation, it can be found motive and needs. Motive and needs stimulate a person to do something which what we called motivation. The
needs are interrelated. It means that “if a person who thinks he is hungry may actually feel lack of love or security of some other need”. On the
other hand, a person satisfies, or tries to satisfy hunger needs by other activities such as smoking or drinking water. According to Maslow,
human being is “wanting animal”. People always require and desire something. People seldom gain “a state of complete satisfaction except for
a short time. As one desire is satisfied, another will pop up to take its place” 39. There are seven needs arranged in the form of a pyramid, with
the most basic or primary needs at the bottom. The explanation of each is as follows:
a. The Psychological Needs
These needs are the most basic level of all the needs and this also the most important needs for physical survival. Those are
biological needs such as food, water, oxygen, sex, sleep 38. These needs must be fulfilled before fulfilling the next higher
needs.
b. The Safety Needs
These needs represent a need for safety or security in environment. A person needs the safety to grow, to feel secure and to be out of
danger Handoko 20. This level is more likely to be found in children as they have a greater need to feel secured.
c. The Belongings and Love Needs
When the psychological needs and the safety needs are satisfied, the needs for love, affection, and belongings also emerge. In fact,
people require both receiving love from another and giving love to another. According to Maslow, “love involves a healthy, loving
relationship between two people, which includes mutual trust” 41.
d. The Esteem Needs
According to Maslow there are two kinds of esteem needs. They are self respect and esteem from other people. A person who has
self – esteem is more productive. “When self esteem is absence, the individual has feelings of inferiority and helplessness, which
may result in discouragement and possible neurotic behaviour” 42. This statement supported by Petri, in his book, Motivation:
Theory and Research, states that the first needs motivates a person “
to strive for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. While the needs of esteem from others “involves a desire
for reputation, status, recognition, appreciation by others of one’s abilities, and feeling importance” 304.
e. Self – Actualization Needs
These needs are to find self – fulfilment and realize one’s potential of a person. “What a man can be, he must be“. Maslow states this
needs as “the desires to become more and more what one is, to
become everything that one is capable of becoming. This need emerges after reasonable satisfaction of the love and the esteem
needs” 42.
f. The Desire to Know and to Understand
“ A character of mental health is curiosity”. Maslow also says that,
“ this process has been phrased by some as the search for meaning.
We shall postulate a desire to understand, to systematize, to organize, to analyze, to looks for relations and meanings, to
construct a system values” 43.
g. The Aesthetic Needs
The aesthetic needs are related to one’s self image. Maslow says, “
People have an instinctual, or instinctoid, need for beauty’s beauty helps one to be healthier” 44.
2. Theory of Psychoanalysis
