c. The Superego
The superego is the moral part of personality, which represents the ideal which strives for perfection rather than the real.
It is interpreted to the child by his parents which is enforced by means of a system of rewards and punishment which final purpose
is to meet the ideals of society. The three main functions of the superego are to inhibit the
impulses of the Id, to persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones and to strive for perfection.
The personality normally functions as a whole rather than as three separate segments. The readers may consider the Id as the
biological component of personality, the ego as the psychological component and the superego as the social component.
3. Theory of Social Influence on One’s Behaviour
In this study, the researcher is also concerned with the understanding of the wide range of condition that shape the self –
actualization of the main character as reflected in his behaviour. Dealing with the observation on the main character’s behaviour relating to the
society, the researcher takes some theories on the influences of social behaviour on one’s behaviour. As Baron and Byrne 9 – 13 say that social
behaviour is shaped by a seemingly endless list variables. They give some numbers of specific factors influencing one’s behaviour at large.
These are the five major categories:
a. The Behaviour and Characteristics of Other Persons
The observable characteristics of other persons strongly affect one’s feeling, thought, and behaviour. A person often reacts
differently to highly attractive person than to unattractive ones.
b. Social Cognition
Thought, beliefs, attitudes, and memories about other persons are important factors in communicating with other people.
c. Ecological Variables
The factors that come from the environment, both direct or indirect. For example, condition of a city, house, air, water
system, etc.
d. The Socio – cultural Context in which the Social Behaviour
Occurs
The factors deal with the cultural norms or rules in a society. Values in a society can influence one’s behaviour.
e. Aspects of One’s Biological Nature Relevant to Social
Behaviour
Inherited aspects of one’s physical appearance can limit one’s capacity to process social information.
4. Criticism
The criticism about Stephen King and his works comes from many sources such as daily news, magazines, and also from the readers. The
criticism is used for helping the reader to understand the author’s work. Mr. Stephen King is a great American writer especially in horror and
mystery. But not all of his works explore the field of horror and mystery, such as Different Seasons.
Ms. Harriet Klausner in www.bookreview.com
accessed on January 12, 2007 12.25 pm states that aside from the personal side of
what created the man, the novelist, Stephen King does give lessons on the basic tools of the art. She also states that each tale is dark and
demonstrates Stephen King’s writing abilities while proving that he remains one of the stronger short story tellers today. The theme running
through the tale is encountered with the dead spicing up the ordinary lives of the living or those who accelerate the passage of death.
Robert Plant’s song mentioning “Upon us all a little rain must fall” is very true for Stephen King. He is certainly seen his fair share of
hardships and misfortunes throughout his life. However, instead of letting them get him down, King uses his experiences for the better. From those
experiences come great influence. Stephen King’s writing is influenced by his life experiences, historical events throughout his lifetime, and also
share King is one of today’s most popular and best selling writers. King puts the elements of psychological thrillers, science fiction, the
paranormal, and detective themes into his stories. While he might be best known for his novels The Stand and It, some of his best works that have
been published are his short stories such as The Body and Quitters, King’s works are so powerful because he uses his experience and everyday life
and places them into his unique stories. Mr. Avery Conner in Made into Movies: From Literature to Film
24 states that the novel of Different Seasons is said to be different from the other novels which are written by Stephen King. This novel is
outstanding without any horror sense. Moreover, Different Seasons represents another characteristic of Stephen King and also encourages his
fans to be more interested in his new novel by making unpredictable story. It also represents the ability of Stephen King in making a new move
without decreasing the tension on the novel.
Ms Marry Leondhart in her book Parents Who Love Reading and Kids Who Don’t 209 states that readers who do not have good ability in
reading loves Different Seasons and also helps kids who have a problem in reading, eager to read. She also states that Stephen King assists many
teenagers to manage with their reading materials at school. Through his Different Seasons, he encourages teenagers who did not love to read a
novel willing to read his novel. Ms. Christiana Mirabella in the book Many Facets of Stephen King
states that Different Seasons has good influence for his constant readers such as putting together different genres and making them compromise in
one feeling and point of view 16. This statement supported by Mr. Tim Wick in the same book saying that Shawshank Redemption is a novel
about hope, faith and friendship that happens in a prison. There are some of usual ensnaring of a prison story such as sadistic guard, corrupt warden,
violent fellow inmates 20. The story, also, has good impact for the reader. They can imagine a beautiful friendship taking place in the prison
life. Mr. Bruno Izzo in Stephen King: Art of Darkness 50 said that the
four stories making up by Mr. King are linked with the four seasons of a year and each of the seasons represents the season using original series
colours, symbols, images, visions which are written using style and craft of the Maine writer. Hence, this novel reveals the inflexible characteristic
of Mr. King’s book. Shawshank Redemption novel reveals hope and friendship through the season. Stephen King draws the season clearly,
touching the heart of the readers. This is one of the characteristics which Stephen King has to make the readers follow the atmosphere created in the
novel and admire the colour of the season which is built the nuisance of the novel.
Allesia Starace in An Introduction to Film Criticism 54 said that Stephen King has a great talent because he can write horror stories and
fantastic stories about friendship and love in the usual style of a “Maine writer” without any elicitation. She also states that she is hard to imagine
how each new book of Stephen King looks a like. It is always expected by his constant readers to terrified them and put them into nightmares.
Moreover, his new book that contains love, hope, and friendship has different with others. All his novels are very far from terror, monsters and
ghosts. Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption is not long enough as a novel but each and every of the novella has the elements
of a novel such as feelings, art, and technical and creative efficient forms. All Stephen King’s fans in the Stephen King website say that Mr.
King is one of the best authors in horror story. They also said that Different Season is one of his best works and a dazzling display of his
great talent.
The researcher uses two kinds of source to gather data for the study. They are primary source and secondary source. The explanation
each sources as follows:
a. Primary source
I use Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption by Stephen King as the primary source. Most information used to answer the two problems
stated in the first chapter is gathered from this source.
b. Secondary source
I also use internet, books related to the theories and movies as the secondary sources in this study. The internet covers various websites
related to this study. The books cover of theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of approach, literature and psychology, and
society behaviour. I also use its movie as my secondary sources in.
5. Context of the Novel
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