locutionary act, which is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression.For Example:
6 Mike Uttered the words “Hand some money over to me”, with referring to Mike.
2.3.2 Illocutionary Acts.
Austin 1962:108 states that Illocutionary acts such as informing,ordering, warning, undertaking, and so on, for instance, utterances whichhave a certain
conventional force. Leech 1983:199 says that Illocutionary act is performing an act in saying something. According to Yule 1996:48 Illocutionary acts is an act
that performed via communicative force of an utterance. Austin in Akmajian 1980:395 characterized the illocutionary act as an act
performed insaying something. For instance, in saying: 7 “Sampras can beat Agassi”,
Onemight perform the act of asserting that Sampras can beat Agassi.
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Someother examples of illocutionary acts are given bellow: promising
threatening reporting
requesting stating
suggesting asking
ordering telling
proposing
2.3.3 Perlocutionary acts
Cruse 2000: 345 states that perlocutionary acts are acts performed by means of language, using languageas a tool. The elements which define the act are external
to the locutionary act.Take the act of persuading someone to do something, or getting them tobelieve that something is the case. In order to persuade someone to do
something,one normally must speak to them. But the speaking, even accompaniedby appropriate intentions and so on, does not of itself constitute the act ofpersuasion.
For that, the person being persuaded has to do what the speaker isurging. The same is true of the act of cheering someone up: this may well beaccomplished through
language, in which case it is a perlocutionary act, buteven then the act does not consist in saying certain things in a certain way, butin having a certain effect, which
in principle could have been produced in someother way.
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According to Akmajian 1980:396, perlocutionary act is the act performed by sayingsomething. For instance, suppose John believes everything a
certainsportscaster says; then by saying: “Sampras can beat Agassi”,
the sportscastercould convince John that Sampras can beat Agassi. Some typicalexamples of perlocutionary acts are bellow:
inspiring embarrassing
persuading misleading
impressing intimidating
deceiving irritating
These are some important characteristics of perlocutionary acts: 1. Perlocutionary acts unlike illocutionary acts are not performedby uttering
explicit performative sentences. We do not perform the perlocutionaryact of convincing someone that Sampras can beat Agassi by uttering “Sampras can beat
Agassi”. 2. Perlocutionary acts seem to involve the effects of utterance actsand illocutionary
acts on the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the hearer,whereas illocutionary acts do not. Thus, perlocutionary acts can be representedas an illocutionary act of the
speaker S plus its effects on thehearer H: a. S tells + H believes . . . = S persuades H that . . .
b. S tells + H intends . . . = S persuades H to . . .
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2.4 The Understanding of Illocutionary Acts 2.4.1 The Definition of Illocutionary Act
