d. Strict structure – exposition text should be written by considering a strict structure that will be discussed below.
g. Types of Exposition text
There are two types of exposition text, analytical exposition and hortatory exposition. As Goutsos notices, exposition is based on a thesis and supporting
reasons or arguments and can be either analytical “persuades that [the thesis is well formulated]” or hortatory “persuades to [do what the thesis
recommends]”.
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Hortatory exposition is a type text that is intended to persuade the readers that something should or should not happen.
Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic
speech or lectures, research report etc. Analytical exposition is a kind of text that presents one side of an issue in
a form of arguments. The purpose of analytical exposition is to persuade the readers by presenting one side of an argument. Analytical exposition text can be
found in legal defenses, spoken arguments, advertisement, announcement, radio commercial and leaflet.
In analytical exposition, the concluding paragraph, which is called reiteration, is used to give emphasize on the writer’s opinion by restating point of
view. While in hortatory exposition, the concluding paragraph takes form as a recommendation that is used to give advice or such a suggestion to the readers to
make a choice by considering the presented arguments. Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we have to differentiate
both from one to each other, we have one useful tool by making analysis on the generic structure. What makes hortatory different from analytical exposition is the
last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while hortatory exposition is finalized by certain recommendation.
21
Dionysis Goutsos, Modelling Discourse Topic: Sequential Relations and Strategies in Expository Text, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1997, p. 37.
5. How to Assess Reading Exposition Text
Assessing reading ability is regarded all over the English-speaking world as one of the most important ways of monitoring educational standards. The
primary purpose of an assessment task is to collect relevant information for purposes of making inferences or decisions about individuals – which is not to say
that the assessment tasks have no potential for promoting learning, but simply that this is not their primary propose.
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Many textbooks on language testing give examples of testing techniques that might be used to assess language. It is conceivable that different testing
technique permit the measurement of different aspects of the ability being assessed. Therefore, it is important to consider what techniques are capable of
assessing, as well as they might typically assess. Multiple choice questions technique is one of the commonest ways of
assessing reading. The technique even dominated textbooks for teaching reading and, in fact, some interesting exercises were developed with this technique. It is in
line with Alderson’s point of view in his book, they multiple choice questions allow testers to control the range o possible answer to comprehension questions,
and to some extent to control the students’ thought processes when responding.
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B. Jigsaw Technique
1. Concept of Jigsaw
Jigsaw is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of numerous small, often oddly shaped, interlocking and tessellating pieces. Each piece usually has a
small part of a picture on it; when complete, a jigsaw puzzle produces a complete picture.
In jigsaw, each piece of puzzle is important and related to the other piece. Each piece of puzzle is needed because the whole picture of the puzzle will not be
able to be seen if a piece is missing.
22
J. Charles Alderson, Assessing Reading, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 203.
23
Ibid., p. 204.
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