18 Arikunto 1993:109states “A sample is a limited number of elements selected
from a population to be representative of that population”. It means that not all the population to be respondents. Therefore, the writer of this thesis only chooses 10
students from each class. So, the whole of the respondents in this research are 30 students. It is 25 . The reason for taking this number based on Arikunto’s idea
1993:120 says that if the population consists of a large number more than 100, the sample can be taken from 10 - 15 or 20 - 25 or more, it depends on the ability
of the researcher by considering her energy, time, and funds. Based on the quotation above, the sample used to represent the population in this
research is adequate. They are not classified on the basis of their grade of intelligence. Therefore, all of them have the same opportunity to be selected as the sample.
In obtaining the sample, I use random sampling technique considering what Gay 1987:104 says that random sampling is the best single way to obtain a representative
sample. It is presented by giving the paper to the students. The students who get the paper with the word “congratulation” are the respondents.
3.3. The Instruments of Collecting the Data
The way of collecting data plays an important role in conducting any kind of research so that the result of the study will be valid. In this research, the data are
collected by a written test in multiple-choice form on personal pronouns. The test is conducted by giving 30 questions about personal pronouns that consists of 15 questions
for subject pronouns and 15 questions for object questions to each student. And the students must choose one correct answer.
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Since this research is dealing with the students’ ability to use personal pronouns,
so I take the whole questions from their handbook.
Blue Print of Instrument Types of test
Number of test Number of each item
Score of each item
Personal Pronouns that
are used as subject
15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15 1 point
Personal Pronouns that
are used as object
15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15 1 point
3.4. Scoring the Test
In scoring the test, I determine the cumulative score ranging 0-100. I give one
point for one question. And to find out the score of the students’ answer, I use this following formula:
X =
100 ×
N R
In which: X
means Individual score R
means The number of correct answers N
means Number of questions
Universitas Sumatera Utara
20 To categorize the level of the students’ ability in using personal pronouns, the following
scale is used:
The Score of Ability Category
80-100 Very good
60-79 Good
40-59 Average
20-39 Poor
0-19 Very poor
Nurkancana and Sumartana, 1986
Mean score of the students’ ability in answering the test can be calculated by using the following formula:
X = N
X
∑
In which: X
= mean score X
= the total of correct number N
= the number of respondents
And the percentage of the classification of the students’ ability in answering the
test can be calculated by using the following formula:
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P =
100 ×
r f
In which: P means Percentage
f means number of frequency
r means Total numbers of respondents
3.5. The Purpose of the Test
