Context can be defined as the communicative situation that influences language use. Yule 1998:128 states that the physical environment in which a
word is used is called context. In addition to Yule, Mey 1993:39 states that a dynamic environment of surrounding that influences participants in doing
their communication is called context. Meanwhile, Cruse 2006:35, states that in the interpretation of utterances and expressions, context, which is an
essential factor, appears. Shortly, context is a crucial part in studying pragmatics because it deals with analyzing the speaker meaning and
concerning with the implied meaning behind an utterance which can happen everywhere.
2. Topics of Discussion in Pragmatics
Since pragmatics has a wide range, there are some topics of discussion under pragmatics. The topics of discussion are as follows.
a. Deixis Yule 1996:9 states that deixis is a technical term which means
pointing via language using a deictic expression. Deictic expression itself is a linguistic form which is used to accomplish the pointing term. In accordance
with Yule, Levinson 1983:54 states that deixis is the term borrowed from Greek which means pointing or indicating. It is a form of pointing expression
which often appears in communication. The common categories of deixis are
person deixis, such as „he‟ and „she‟, place deixis, such as „here‟ and „there‟,
and time deixis, such as „now‟ and „then‟.
b. Politeness Cruse 2006:131, states that politeness is a matter of minimizing the
negative effects of what is said by someone which will affect the feelings of others and maximizing the positive effects, i.e. negative politeness and
positive politeness respectively. In other words, in communication, politeness can be defined as the way of how people show their awareness of other
people ‟s face. Meanwhile, Yule 1996:60 defines politeness as people‟s way
to show their solidarity to each other. There are some categorizations of politeness such as face wants public self-image of a person, face saving act
positive and negative politeness, and bald record strategy. c. Speech Acts
Speech acts are important parts of language in use. Pragmatically, speech acts are what people actually doing with language when they speak or
interact with the other, such as blaming, warning, congratulating, etc. In expressing their ideas, people do not only produce utterances, but they
perform actions through those utterance. Yule 1996:47 states that speech acts are actions performed via utterances. The actions which are performed by
producing the utterances consist of three related acts such as locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the basic act of an
utterance. It deals with an utterance which carries meaning. By producing locutionary act, people create a meaningful utterance in a conversation.
Meanwhile, Illocutionary act is defined as the functions of saying something. People might utter something to make a statement, offer, and the other
communicative purposes. Meanwhile, perlocutionary act is the effect of what people mean by their utterance. People do not simply create an utterance
which has function without an effect. It can be concluded that perlocutionary act is an act performed as the consequence of the locutionary and illocutionary
act. d. Presupposition
Yule 1996:25 states that presupposition is something in which people assume it to be the case prior in making an utterance. In accordance
with Yule, Peccei 1999:19 states that presupposition is a useful concept in analyzing a speaker meaning. It is an inference which is assumed to be true in
an utterance. For example, the case of Pete has stopped smoking Cruse 2006:138. Through this example, people may presuppose that previously
Pete is a smoker, although this is not explicitly stated. e. Implicature
According to Yule 1996:35 implicature is an additional conveyed meaning in communication. It contains more information than its surface
meaning. Grice in Cutting 2002:36 states that implicature is the meaning
