CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review
This chapter presents discussion of all literatures related to the research. The discussion include Pragmatics, Topics of Discussion in
Pragmatics, Grice ‟s theory of Cooperative Principle, Observance and Non-
Observance of Maxim, Types of Maxim Flouting, Strategies of Maxim Flouting, and This Boy
’s Life Movie, which was the object of the research.
1. Pragmatics
Many linguists have their own interpretations about pragmatics. Therefore, there are some different definitions of pragmatics. According to
Yule 1996:3, pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning in a particular context. As the study of the aspect of meaning, pragmatics concerns
more with the analysis of speakers ‟ intended meaning rather than what the
words or phrases which they uttered. Since pragmatics also involves the interpretation of what speakers mean in a certain context, pragmatics can be
defined as the study of contextual meaning. In accordance with Yule, Mey 1993:6 states that pragmatics, as the
study of the way humans use their language in communication, is based on the
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condition of society which affects humans in using a language. Therefore, the condition of a society can also be observed in pragmatics.
Moreover, Levinson 1983:21 states that pragmatics is the study of the relation between language and context which are the basic requirements of
language understanding. In other words, language and context can influence a speakers
‟ understanding of a language. Hence, linguistically, pragmatics can be defined as a branch of linguistics which concerns with the study of
meaning and context. Meanwhile, Yule 1996:4 explains the differences among, syntax,
semantics, and pragmatics. In syntax, the relationships between linguistic forms are discussed. Meanwhile, in semantics the relationships between
linguistic forms and entities in the world are discussed. It explains more about how words literally connect to things. Next, in pragmatics the relationships
between linguistic forms and the users of those forms are discussed. Yule clarifies that sentences are for syntax, sentence meanings which are free from
situations are for semantics, while utterance meanings bound with situations are for pragmatics. In accordance with Yule, Griffiths 2006:1 states that
semantics and pragmatics are inseparable, because pragmatics is related to semantic knowledge with people
‟s knowledge of the world, including contexts.
Context can be defined as the communicative situation that influences language use. Yule 1998:128 states that the physical environment in which a
word is used is called context. In addition to Yule, Mey 1993:39 states that a dynamic environment of surrounding that influences participants in doing
their communication is called context. Meanwhile, Cruse 2006:35, states that in the interpretation of utterances and expressions, context, which is an
essential factor, appears. Shortly, context is a crucial part in studying pragmatics because it deals with analyzing the speaker meaning and
concerning with the implied meaning behind an utterance which can happen everywhere.
2. Topics of Discussion in Pragmatics
Since pragmatics has a wide range, there are some topics of discussion under pragmatics. The topics of discussion are as follows.
a. Deixis Yule 1996:9 states that deixis is a technical term which means
pointing via language using a deictic expression. Deictic expression itself is a linguistic form which is used to accomplish the pointing term. In accordance
with Yule, Levinson 1983:54 states that deixis is the term borrowed from Greek which means pointing or indicating. It is a form of pointing expression
which often appears in communication. The common categories of deixis are
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