Qishah qashirah al-Kaabuus li Najib al-Kailani: dirasah tahliliyyah bunaiyah
ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ
) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ (
ﲝﺚ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ)(S.S.
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ104021000699 :
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠ ﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ ﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩ ﺍ ﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩ ﺍ ﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
2008ﻡ 1429 /ﻩ
ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ
) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ(
ﲝﺚ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ104021000699 :
ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
) ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﻧﻮﺍﻭﻯ ﺍ ﳌ ﺎ ﺟ ﺴ ﺘ ﲑ (
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ ﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩ ﺍ ﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩ ﺍ ﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
2008ﻡ 1429 /ﻩ
ب
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺻﺮﺣﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ:
.1ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ– ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
.2ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ–
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
.3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺩﻭﻥ
ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺮﺭﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ
ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ– ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 6 ،ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ.
2ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺛﺎﻥ 1429ﻩ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ
ج
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﲤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ :ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ – ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ،
ﻭﻧﻘﺶ ﰱ 6ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ ،ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﰱ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 6ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ.
ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﰎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﺁﺩﺎ ) .( S.S
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 6 ،ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ
2ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺛﺎﻥ 1429ﻩ.
ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ
ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ
ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ(
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ(
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ150246291 :
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ150295496:
ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺶ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﻧﻮﺍﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ(
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﺮ (
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ150282400 :
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ150246290 :
د
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ :ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ
ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ (
ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ
1 9 7 1 -1 9 6 0ﻡ .ﻭﻗﺼﺼﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻪ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺿﻪ.
ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﺍﻷﺩﺏ.
ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﱂ
ﻳﻘﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺎ ﺑﺬﺍﺎ.
ﺑﺬﺍ ،ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺟﺬﺑﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺴﻪ ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ )ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ؟ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ؟(.
ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ .ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﺖ ﺃﻥ
ه
ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺩﰊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ,ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ.
و
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻫﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﲔ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ،ﻣﻦ
ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ،ﻭﻧﻮﺭ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ،ﻭﺷﺮﺡ ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻧﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ .ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻵ ﺇﻟﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ،ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ
ﺧﲑ ﺩﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻫﺪﻱ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻌﲔ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺻﻞ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺃﻧﻌﻢ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﻭﺣﺒﻴﺒﻨﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ،ﻭﺍﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﲟﺤﺒﺘﻪ
ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻨﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻧﻌﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺪﺍﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﲔ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ:
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﱪﻛﺎﺕ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ﺍﻥ ﲤﻢ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ–
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ،ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺷﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺷﺪﻫﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﱴ ﲤﺖ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ:
.1ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﻭﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻮﺍ
ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﰱ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺣﱴ ﲤﻜﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ
ﰱ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
ز
.2ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﻧﺪﺱ ﻧﻮﺍﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.3ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺇﳝﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ،ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ
,(UIﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺑﺈﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ,ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﻮﺍ ﳍﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﲦﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ.
.4ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺷﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﲢﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺔ
ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻷﺎ )ﺃﺳﺮﻭﻝ( ﻭﺃﻣﻬﺎ )ﺃﺟﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﺎﻧﱴ( ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺑﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﻔﺎﻗﺎﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺻﻐﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ
ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ.
.5ﻷﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﴰﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﻭ ﲪﺰﺓ ﻋﺮﻓﺔ.
.6ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺷﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺯﺭﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺷﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.7ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻸﺧﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﺓ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﺔ )ﺇﻳﺘﺎ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺔ-ﺑﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ-
ﻣﱮ ﻧﺎﻥ -ﺍﺛﲎ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻜﻮﻃﻰ-ﺇﻳﺪﺍﺓ ﲪﻴﺪﺓ (-ﺍﻟﱴ ﺭﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰱ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.8ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ )ﺇﺇﻳﻚ ﻭﺕ.ﺃﻭﻳﺲ ,ﻭﺷﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ,ﻭﻣﱮ ﻫﺎﱏ ﻭﺃ.ﺏ 3
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻗﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ( ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﱃ
ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﰱ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
ح
ﺗﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﰱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﲔ
ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺮﺟﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﳑﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﰱ
ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ،ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﻫﻢ ﺧﲑ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ.
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 6 ،ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ط
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ...................................................ﺏ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ .................... ................................ﺝ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ..................... ................................
ﺩ
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ..................... ................................
ﻩ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ...................................................ﺡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ............................................
1
ﺃ .ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ 1 ............................................
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ 5 ............................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 5 ........................................
ﺩ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ 6 ...........................................
ﻩ .ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 7 .............................................
ﻭ .ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 8 ..............................................
ي
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ :ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ 10 ...........
ﺃ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ 10 ..........................................
.1ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ......................................
.2ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ 15 ..........................................
ﺏ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ 23 ... ............................................ .
.1ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ 23 ...........................................
.2ﻧﺸﺄﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ 28 .................................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ 32 ........................
ﺃ .ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ 32 .................................................
ﺏ .ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ 35 ................................................
ﺝ .ﺃﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ 39 ...................................
ك
10
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" 43 .............
ﺃ .ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ 43 .......................................
ﺏ .ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ 46 ..................................
.1ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ 46 ...............................................
.2ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ 49 ............................................
.3ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ 57 .................................................
.4ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ 61 ...................................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ 65 ...........................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺧﺎﲤﺔ 68 ............................................
ﺃ .ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ 68 .................................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ 70 ...............................................
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 71 .................... ................................
ل
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ .ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻇﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻪ ﻭﺇﺧﻮﺍﻧﻪ
ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺭﺑﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ .ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺼﺼﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺷﻌﺮﻩ
ﻭﺃﺩﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﻬﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ
ﺗﺒﺘﻐﻲ ﻣﺮﺿﺎﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺓ ﻟﻺﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﰲ
ﺃﻭﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ.
1
ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ) 1995-1931ﻡ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﲔ ﺇﱃ
ﺃﺩﺏ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭﺷﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ 1963
"1ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﻫﻮﺏ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ" ,ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 14ﻣﺎﺭﺱ 2005ﻡ ﻣﻦ
http://www.alresalah.net/Adabs/detail,asp?iData=28&iCat=64&ichannel=13&nChannel=Adabs
م
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ " ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ " ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﲨﻌﺖ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ.
ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ,ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ" :ﻟﻴﺎﱄ
ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ" ﻭ "ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ" ﻭ"ﻋﺬﺭﺍﺀ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ" ﻭ "ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ" ﻭ "ﺩﻡ
ﻟﻔﻄﲑ ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻥ" ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ
ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺣﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ" ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ
ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ.
2
ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻸﺩﺏ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺩ ,ﻭﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ,ﻭﻳﻘﻒ ﺷﺎﳐﺎ ﰲ
ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ,ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻓﻬﺔ ,ﻋﱪ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺟﺎﺩﺓ
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻄﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ "ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﻱ".
2ﺣﻠﻤﻰ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻮﺩ" ,ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺭﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ" ,ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 10ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ
2008ﻣﻦ http://www.lahaonline.com/index.php?option=content&id=2188&task=view§ionid
ن
ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ
ﺑﻠﺪﻩ ,ﻭﻃﺎﻑ ﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ,ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ,ﻓﻜﺎﻥ
ﻣﻊ ﺛﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﰲ "ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ" ﻭﰲ ﺃﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ" ,ﻭﺩﻣﺸﻖ
ﰲ "ﺩﻡ ﻟﻔﻄﲑ ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻥ" ,ﻭ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ" ,ﻭﰲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ "ﻋﻤﺮ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ" ,ﻭﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﰲ "ﻋﺬﺭﺍﺀ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ" ,ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ "ﻟﻴﺎﱄ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ"
ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﺒﺄ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ .ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﻥ
ﱂ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺧﲑ ﰲ
ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ.
3
ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻﺧﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻦ ,ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻻ ﳚﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻗﻰ ,ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﺠﻌﻪ ﻭﳛﺚ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ,ﻓﺎﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺟﺴﺪ ,ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ,ﻣﺎﱂ ﳜﺮﺝ
ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ.
3ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ" ,ﺃﺩﻳﺐ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻱ" ,ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 7ﻣﺎﺭﺱ 1995ﻡ ﻣﻦ
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki.
س
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﻟﻔﻬﺎ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﻫﻲ " ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﺍﻟﱴ
ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﰱ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ -1965
1971ﻡ .ﻭ ﻗﺼﺼﺖ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ
ﺍﳉﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺼﺔ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ.
ﻭﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﱪﺓ
ﻭﻋﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺋﲔ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ " ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﰱ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ .ﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ
ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ,ﻓﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ
ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ .ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ,ﻋﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ.ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ .ﻭ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ
ع
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺩﰉ ﻛﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ
ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ,ﻓﺎﺧﺘﺼﺮﺗﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ:
.١ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ؟
.٢ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ
ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ؟
ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ف
ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﲞﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ
ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﻭﺟﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ.
ﰲ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ:
.١ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱐ.
.٢ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ".
ﺩ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ
ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ,ﺳﻮﺍﺀ
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﲝﺜﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺼﺔ
ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ,ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﺼﺔ
ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻭﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ.
ص
ﻭﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻟﺼﻼﺡ ﻓﻀﻞ.
ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻷﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺼﺔ
ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
“Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi Bahasa dan Sastra Arab FAkultas Adab dan
”Humaniora UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 2007.
ﻩ .ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻱ .ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ
ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻴﺊ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ,
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ,ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺼﻪ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ.
ﻭ .ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ق
ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎ ,ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ
ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻳﻄﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ:
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭ
ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ,ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ,
ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ,ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ,ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ",
ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ,ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ,ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ.
ر
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺧﺎﲤﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ ،ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ش
اﻟﺑﺎب اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺃ .ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
.1ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ :ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ,( Romanceﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ,Novelﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻠﺒﻜﻰ
ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ Novelﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ.
ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻣﻊ
4
Novel
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭ
Nouvelle
ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻠﺒﻜﻰ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺩ ﻭﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺭﺿﺎ
ﰲ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ.
5
4ﻣﻨﲑ ﺑﻌﻠﺒﻚ ,ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺩ )ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ,(1973 ,ﺹ.62 .
5ﻣﻨﲑ ﺑﻌﻠﺒﻚ ,ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺩ ,ﺹ.
.633
ت
ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ
Novel
ﺃﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ
Novellus
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ,ﻳﻘﺎﻝ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻷﻥ Novelﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻏﲑﳘﺎ.
ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﲔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ
ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻓﺈﳕﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻠﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ,ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ
"ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ" ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.
ﺇﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺷﺎﺋﻖ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻳﺔ .ﰒ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﺰﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺇﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﻓﻨﻮﻧﻪ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ,
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺩ ,ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ,ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ,ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ,ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ.
6
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ:
6ﺣﺴﻦ ﺟﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﻦ ,ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ )ﻣﺼﺮﻱ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ,(1978 ,ﺹ.88 .
ث
.1ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.
7
.2ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻳﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺍ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ
ﲟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ.
8
.3ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﺗﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﲤﻬﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺜﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻳﺪﺭﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ.
9
ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ,ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ .ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺮ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﳒﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﻛﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ
ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﻭﺻﻔﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻤﺔ
ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﻞ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻄﺒﻌﺘﻪ ﳝﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺣﻜﺎﺑﺎﺕ
.282.ص Rene Wellek, Teori Kesusastraan (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia, 1993),
7
.5.ص Panuti Sudjiman, Kamus Istilah Sastra (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia, 1986),
8
9ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ,ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ )ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻥ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ,(1990 ,ﺹ.
خ
ﺟﺮﺕ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ .ﰒ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ,
ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ,ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺷﻌﺮﺍ.
10
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺷﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻯ
ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻄﺎﻝ .ﰒ ﺑﺮﺯ
ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺼﺔ ﳌﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﻛﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳉﺎﺣﻆ ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺝ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ
ﺍﻷﻏﺎﱐ.
ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻴﺎﻝ
ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺍﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺎﺻﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻥ ,ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺃﺩﺏ
ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ .ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺼﺺ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﲎ .ﻭﱂ ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ
ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ .ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻯ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﲤﻮﺭ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ,ﻃﻪ ﺣﺴﲔ ,ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ.
ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ:
10ﺭﻳﲏ ﻭﻳﻠﻚ ,ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ,ﺹ.707
ذ
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺭﻯ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺮﻳﺔ
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻟﺔ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺼﺺ ﻋﻨﺘﺮﺓ ,ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻕ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺷﺒﻪ.
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﲎ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺎﺀ.
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ
ﺍﳍﻤﺪﱐ.
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺣﻲ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻳﻘﻈﻦ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻃﻔﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻉ
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻐﻢ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ.
11
.2ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ
ﺃ .ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ,ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺜﻮﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻼ ﳒﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺇﻻ
11ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ,ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ,ﺹ.66 .
ض
ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ.
12
ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ
ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ,ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ
ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ,ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ.
ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ,ﻭﻫﻲ:
.1ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ
ﻛﻠﻬﺎ.
.2ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱏ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ
ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ.
13
12ﺣﺴﻦ ﺷﺎﺫﱄ ﻓﺮﻫﻮﺩ ,ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ )ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ :ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ,(1891 ,ﺹ177.
Sri Rahayu Prihatini, Dari Mukhtar Lubis hingga Manginari Jaya,
13
.16ص(Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1990),
غ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ,ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻭﻳﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ,ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ.
14
.2ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﺣﻮﳍﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻢ
ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻭﺎ 15.ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ,ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ,ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﲰﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ,ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻼﺕ.
16
Burhan Nurgiyantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi (Yogyakarta: Gajah
14
.82صMada Press, 1995),
15ﳏﻤﺪ ﺯﻏﻮﻝ ﺳﻼﻡ ,ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﺳﻮﺩﱏ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ )ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ :ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ,( 1970,ﺹ28.
16ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﲎ ,ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ )ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ( ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺼﻴﺔ ,ﺹ187.
ظ
ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺨﻴﻠﺔ ,ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺧﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ,
ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ,ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ,ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ
ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ .ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ,ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ,ﺇﺫ
ﻻﺑﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ,ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ,ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ,
ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.
17
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ
ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ:
.1ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ
ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ
ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ,ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻮﺎ
ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.
18
17ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﲎ ,ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ )ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ( ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺼﻴﺔ ,ﺹ188.
18ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﲎ ,ﺗﺬﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻃﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻪ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ,(1982 ,
ﺹ153.
أأ
.2ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ Grimesﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ,ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﻀﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ.
19
ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﻋﻮﺩ ﻳﻌﺪﺍﻥ
ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﲔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺘﲔ.
20
.3ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﻗﺮﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﳚﺮﻱ ﳎﺮﻯ ﻋﺎﻗﻼ ,ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳊﺒﻜﺔ .ﺇﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ " ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ"
ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻻﺗﻮﻟﺪ
ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺟﺰﺍﻓﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ.
Sugihastuti dan Suharto, Kritik Sastra Feminisme, (Yogyakarta:
19
.16صPustaka Pelajar, 2002), cet.1,
20ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﲎ ,ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳ
) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ (
ﲝﺚ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ)(S.S.
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ104021000699 :
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠ ﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ ﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩ ﺍ ﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩ ﺍ ﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
2008ﻡ 1429 /ﻩ
ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ
) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ(
ﲝﺚ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ104021000699 :
ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
) ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﻧﻮﺍﻭﻯ ﺍ ﳌ ﺎ ﺟ ﺴ ﺘ ﲑ (
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ ﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩ ﺍ ﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩ ﺍ ﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
2008ﻡ 1429 /ﻩ
ب
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺻﺮﺣﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ:
.1ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ– ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
.2ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ–
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
.3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺩﻭﻥ
ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺮﺭﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ
ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ– ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 6 ،ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ.
2ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺛﺎﻥ 1429ﻩ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ
ج
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﲤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ :ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ – ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ،
ﻭﻧﻘﺶ ﰱ 6ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ ،ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﰱ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 6ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ.
ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﰎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﺁﺩﺎ ) .( S.S
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 6 ،ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ
2ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺛﺎﻥ 1429ﻩ.
ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ
ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ
ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ(
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ(
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ150246291 :
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ150295496:
ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺶ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﻧﻮﺍﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ(
)ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﺮ (
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ150282400 :
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ150246290 :
د
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ :ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ
ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ (
ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ
1 9 7 1 -1 9 6 0ﻡ .ﻭﻗﺼﺼﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻪ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺿﻪ.
ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﺍﻷﺩﺏ.
ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﱂ
ﻳﻘﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺎ ﺑﺬﺍﺎ.
ﺑﺬﺍ ،ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺟﺬﺑﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺴﻪ ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ )ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ؟ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ؟(.
ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ .ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﺖ ﺃﻥ
ه
ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺩﰊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ,ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ.
و
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻫﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﲔ ،ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ،ﻣﻦ
ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ،ﻭﻧﻮﺭ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ،ﻭﺷﺮﺡ ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻧﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ .ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻵ ﺇﻟﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ،ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ
ﺧﲑ ﺩﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻫﺪﻱ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻌﲔ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺻﻞ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺃﻧﻌﻢ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﻭﺣﺒﻴﺒﻨﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﻻﻧﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ،ﻭﺍﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﲟﺤﺒﺘﻪ
ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻨﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻧﻌﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺪﺍﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﲔ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ:
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﱪﻛﺎﺕ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ﺍﻥ ﲤﻢ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ–
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ،ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺷﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺷﺪﻫﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﱴ ﲤﺖ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ:
.1ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﻭﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻮﺍ
ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﰱ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺣﱴ ﲤﻜﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ
ﰱ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
ز
.2ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﻧﺪﺱ ﻧﻮﺍﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.3ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺇﳝﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ،ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ
,(UIﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺑﺈﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ,ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﻮﺍ ﳍﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﲦﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ.
.4ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺷﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﲢﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺔ
ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻷﺎ )ﺃﺳﺮﻭﻝ( ﻭﺃﻣﻬﺎ )ﺃﺟﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﺎﻧﱴ( ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺑﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﻔﺎﻗﺎﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺻﻐﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ
ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ.
.5ﻷﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﴰﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﻭ ﲪﺰﺓ ﻋﺮﻓﺔ.
.6ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺷﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺯﺭﻳﺎﺗﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺷﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.7ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻸﺧﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﺓ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﺔ )ﺇﻳﺘﺎ ﺭﺍﺿﻴﺔ-ﺑﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ-
ﻣﱮ ﻧﺎﻥ -ﺍﺛﲎ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻜﻮﻃﻰ-ﺇﻳﺪﺍﺓ ﲪﻴﺪﺓ (-ﺍﻟﱴ ﺭﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰱ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.8ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ )ﺇﺇﻳﻚ ﻭﺕ.ﺃﻭﻳﺲ ,ﻭﺷﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ,ﻭﻣﱮ ﻫﺎﱏ ﻭﺃ.ﺏ 3
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻗﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ( ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﱃ
ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﰱ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
ح
ﺗﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﰱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﲔ
ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺮﺟﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﳑﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﰱ
ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ،ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﻫﻢ ﺧﲑ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ.
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 6 ،ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2008ﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ط
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ...................................................ﺏ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ .................... ................................ﺝ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ..................... ................................
ﺩ
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ..................... ................................
ﻩ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ...................................................ﺡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ............................................
1
ﺃ .ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ 1 ............................................
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ 5 ............................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 5 ........................................
ﺩ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ 6 ...........................................
ﻩ .ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 7 .............................................
ﻭ .ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 8 ..............................................
ي
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ :ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ 10 ...........
ﺃ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ 10 ..........................................
.1ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ......................................
.2ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ 15 ..........................................
ﺏ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ 23 ... ............................................ .
.1ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ 23 ...........................................
.2ﻧﺸﺄﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ 28 .................................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ 32 ........................
ﺃ .ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ 32 .................................................
ﺏ .ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ 35 ................................................
ﺝ .ﺃﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ 39 ...................................
ك
10
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" 43 .............
ﺃ .ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ 43 .......................................
ﺏ .ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ 46 ..................................
.1ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ 46 ...............................................
.2ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ 49 ............................................
.3ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ 57 .................................................
.4ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ 61 ...................................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ 65 ...........................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺧﺎﲤﺔ 68 ............................................
ﺃ .ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ 68 .................................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ 70 ...............................................
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 71 .................... ................................
ل
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ .ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻇﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻪ ﻭﺇﺧﻮﺍﻧﻪ
ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺭﺑﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ .ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺼﺼﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺷﻌﺮﻩ
ﻭﺃﺩﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﻬﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ
ﺗﺒﺘﻐﻲ ﻣﺮﺿﺎﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺓ ﻟﻺﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﰲ
ﺃﻭﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ.
1
ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ) 1995-1931ﻡ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﲔ ﺇﱃ
ﺃﺩﺏ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭﺷﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ 1963
"1ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﻫﻮﺏ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ" ,ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 14ﻣﺎﺭﺱ 2005ﻡ ﻣﻦ
http://www.alresalah.net/Adabs/detail,asp?iData=28&iCat=64&ichannel=13&nChannel=Adabs
م
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ " ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ " ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﲨﻌﺖ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ.
ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ,ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ" :ﻟﻴﺎﱄ
ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ" ﻭ "ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ" ﻭ"ﻋﺬﺭﺍﺀ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ" ﻭ "ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ" ﻭ "ﺩﻡ
ﻟﻔﻄﲑ ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻥ" ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ
ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺣﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ" ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ
ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ.
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ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻸﺩﺏ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺩ ,ﻭﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ,ﻭﻳﻘﻒ ﺷﺎﳐﺎ ﰲ
ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ,ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻓﻬﺔ ,ﻋﱪ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺟﺎﺩﺓ
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻄﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ "ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﻱ".
2ﺣﻠﻤﻰ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻮﺩ" ,ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺭﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ" ,ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 10ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ
2008ﻣﻦ http://www.lahaonline.com/index.php?option=content&id=2188&task=view§ionid
ن
ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ
ﺑﻠﺪﻩ ,ﻭﻃﺎﻑ ﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ,ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ,ﻓﻜﺎﻥ
ﻣﻊ ﺛﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ ﰲ "ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ" ﻭﰲ ﺃﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ" ,ﻭﺩﻣﺸﻖ
ﰲ "ﺩﻡ ﻟﻔﻄﲑ ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻥ" ,ﻭ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ" ,ﻭﰲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ "ﻋﻤﺮ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ" ,ﻭﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﰲ "ﻋﺬﺭﺍﺀ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ" ,ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ "ﻟﻴﺎﱄ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ"
ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﺒﺄ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ .ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﻥ
ﱂ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺧﲑ ﰲ
ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ.
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ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻﺧﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻦ ,ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻻ ﳚﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻗﻰ ,ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﺠﻌﻪ ﻭﳛﺚ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ,ﻓﺎﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺟﺴﺪ ,ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ,ﻣﺎﱂ ﳜﺮﺝ
ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ.
3ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ" ,ﺃﺩﻳﺐ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻱ" ,ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 7ﻣﺎﺭﺱ 1995ﻡ ﻣﻦ
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki.
س
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﻟﻔﻬﺎ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﻫﻲ " ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﺍﻟﱴ
ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﰱ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ -1965
1971ﻡ .ﻭ ﻗﺼﺼﺖ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ
ﺍﳉﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺼﺔ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ.
ﻭﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﱪﺓ
ﻭﻋﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺋﲔ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ " ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﰱ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ .ﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ
ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ,ﻓﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ
ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ .ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ,ﻋﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ.ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ .ﻭ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ
ع
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺩﰉ ﻛﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ
ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ,ﻓﺎﺧﺘﺼﺮﺗﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ:
.١ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ؟
.٢ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ
ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ؟
ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ف
ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﲞﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ
ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﻭﺟﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ.
ﰲ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ:
.١ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻟﻨﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱐ.
.٢ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ".
ﺩ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ
ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ,ﺳﻮﺍﺀ
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﲝﺜﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺼﺔ
ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ,ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﺼﺔ
ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" ﻭﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ.
ص
ﻭﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻟﺼﻼﺡ ﻓﻀﻞ.
ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻷﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺼﺔ
ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ" .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
“Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi Bahasa dan Sastra Arab FAkultas Adab dan
”Humaniora UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 2007.
ﻩ .ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻱ .ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ
ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻴﺊ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ,
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ,ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺼﻪ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ.
ﻭ .ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ق
ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎ ,ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ
ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻳﻄﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ:
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭ
ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ,ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ,
ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ,ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ,ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻮﺱ",
ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ,ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ,ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ.
ر
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺧﺎﲤﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ ،ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ش
اﻟﺑﺎب اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺃ .ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
.1ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ :ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ,( Romanceﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ,Novelﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻠﺒﻜﻰ
ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ Novelﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ.
ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻣﻊ
4
Novel
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭ
Nouvelle
ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻠﺒﻜﻰ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺩ ﻭﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺭﺿﺎ
ﰲ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ.
5
4ﻣﻨﲑ ﺑﻌﻠﺒﻚ ,ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺩ )ﺑﲑﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ,(1973 ,ﺹ.62 .
5ﻣﻨﲑ ﺑﻌﻠﺒﻚ ,ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺩ ,ﺹ.
.633
ت
ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ
Novel
ﺃﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ
Novellus
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ,ﻳﻘﺎﻝ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻷﻥ Novelﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻏﲑﳘﺎ.
ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﲔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ
ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻓﺈﳕﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻠﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ,ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ
"ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ" ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.
ﺇﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺷﺎﺋﻖ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻳﺔ .ﰒ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﺰﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺇﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﻓﻨﻮﻧﻪ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ,
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺩ ,ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ,ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ,ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ,ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ.
6
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ:
6ﺣﺴﻦ ﺟﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﻦ ,ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ )ﻣﺼﺮﻱ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ,(1978 ,ﺹ.88 .
ث
.1ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.
7
.2ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻳﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺍ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ
ﲟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ.
8
.3ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﺗﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﲤﻬﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺜﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻳﺪﺭﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ.
9
ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ,ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ .ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺮ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﳒﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﻛﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ
ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﻭﺻﻔﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻤﺔ
ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﻞ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻄﺒﻌﺘﻪ ﳝﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺣﻜﺎﺑﺎﺕ
.282.ص Rene Wellek, Teori Kesusastraan (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia, 1993),
7
.5.ص Panuti Sudjiman, Kamus Istilah Sastra (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia, 1986),
8
9ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ,ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ )ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻥ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ,(1990 ,ﺹ.
خ
ﺟﺮﺕ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ .ﰒ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ,
ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ,ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺷﻌﺮﺍ.
10
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺷﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻯ
ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻄﺎﻝ .ﰒ ﺑﺮﺯ
ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺼﺔ ﳌﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﻛﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳉﺎﺣﻆ ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺝ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ
ﺍﻷﻏﺎﱐ.
ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻴﺎﻝ
ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺍﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺎﺻﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻥ ,ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺃﺩﺏ
ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ .ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺼﺺ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﲎ .ﻭﱂ ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ
ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ .ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻯ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﲤﻮﺭ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ,ﻃﻪ ﺣﺴﲔ ,ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ.
ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ:
10ﺭﻳﲏ ﻭﻳﻠﻚ ,ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ,ﺹ.707
ذ
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺭﻯ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺮﻳﺔ
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻟﺔ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺼﺺ ﻋﻨﺘﺮﺓ ,ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻕ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺷﺒﻪ.
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﲎ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺎﺀ.
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ
ﺍﳍﻤﺪﱐ.
• ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ,ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺣﻲ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻳﻘﻈﻦ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻃﻔﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻉ
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻐﻢ ﻻﺑﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ.
11
.2ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ
ﺃ .ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ,ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺜﻮﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻼ ﳒﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺇﻻ
11ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ,ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ,ﺹ.66 .
ض
ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ.
12
ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ
ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ,ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ
ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ,ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ.
ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ,ﻭﻫﻲ:
.1ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ
ﻛﻠﻬﺎ.
.2ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱏ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ
ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ.
13
12ﺣﺴﻦ ﺷﺎﺫﱄ ﻓﺮﻫﻮﺩ ,ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ )ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ :ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ,(1891 ,ﺹ177.
Sri Rahayu Prihatini, Dari Mukhtar Lubis hingga Manginari Jaya,
13
.16ص(Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1990),
غ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ,ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻭﻳﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ,ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ.
14
.2ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﺣﻮﳍﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻢ
ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻭﺎ 15.ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ,ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ,ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﲰﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ,ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻼﺕ.
16
Burhan Nurgiyantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi (Yogyakarta: Gajah
14
.82صMada Press, 1995),
15ﳏﻤﺪ ﺯﻏﻮﻝ ﺳﻼﻡ ,ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﺳﻮﺩﱏ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ )ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ :ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ,( 1970,ﺹ28.
16ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﲎ ,ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ )ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ( ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺼﻴﺔ ,ﺹ187.
ظ
ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺨﻴﻠﺔ ,ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺧﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ,
ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ,ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ,ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ
ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ .ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ,ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ,ﺇﺫ
ﻻﺑﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ,ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ,ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ,
ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.
17
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ
ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ:
.1ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ,ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ
ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ
ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ,ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻮﺎ
ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ.
18
17ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﲎ ,ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ )ﳒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﱏ( ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺼﻴﺔ ,ﺹ188.
18ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﲎ ,ﺗﺬﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻃﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻪ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ,(1982 ,
ﺹ153.
أأ
.2ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ Grimesﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ,ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﻀﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ.
19
ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﻋﻮﺩ ﻳﻌﺪﺍﻥ
ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﲔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺘﲔ.
20
.3ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﻗﺮﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﳚﺮﻱ ﳎﺮﻯ ﻋﺎﻗﻼ ,ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳊﺒﻜﺔ .ﺇﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺒﻜﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ " ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ"
ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻻﺗﻮﻟﺪ
ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺟﺰﺍﻓﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ.
Sugihastuti dan Suharto, Kritik Sastra Feminisme, (Yogyakarta:
19
.16صPustaka Pelajar, 2002), cet.1,
20ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﲎ ,ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳ