Data Validity IMPROVING STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILLS THROUGH PICTURE SERIES IN GRADE 8TH SMP NEGERI 1 GAMPING.

treatments, while post-test was used to measure the students’ writing scores after the treatments. 4 Questionnaire Questionnaire was used for collecting survey information, providing structured and numerical data. The type of questionnaire used was in general closed questions in form of rating scales. The questionnaire gave information about students’ condition after the treatment, to see the effect of using the media toward the improvement of their writing skills. Below is the table of the types of the data, the instruments used, and the techniques of data collection of the research. Table 2: Types Types Types Types of of of of data, data, data, data, instruments, instruments, instruments, instruments, and and and and data data data data collection collection collection collection techniques techniques techniques techniques of of of of the the the the research. research. research. research. Data Data Data Data Instrument Instrument Instrument Instrument Collection Collection Collection Collection Technique Technique Technique Technique Usage Usage Usage Usage Pre-test score Post-test score Writing rubric Test pre-test and post-test Before and after the implementation Field notes Field note Observation In reconnaissance, action and observation Interview transcript Interview guidelines Interview In reconnaisance In reflection Questionnaires Questionnaires Questionnaires In reflection F. F. F. F. Data Data Data Data analysis analysis analysis analysis technique technique technique technique The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The field note and interview transcript were analyzed qualitatively, while the test and questionnaire were analyzed quantitatively. Based on Burns 2010 the main tools for analyzing qualitative data are categorizing; and analyzing talk. Hence, the researcher used analyzing talk to analyze the qualitative data that is observation result in the form of field note and the interview transcript. The researcher analyzed the quantitative data to know the tendency of students’ writing scores. She identified the progress of the development of students’ writing skill due to the treatments. Furthermore, instruments that analyzed quantitatively are pretest and posttest, and questionnaire. The formulas below were used to analyze the quantitative data. 1. Computing each student’s score 2. Computing the mean of the class 3. Computing the ideal mean 4. Computing the SD Score = Mean = Ideal Mean = Ideal SD = Third, t-test was used to see whether the improvement was significant or not. The results of the test were compared in each cycle to see the improvements. G. G. G. G. Validity Validity Validity Validity and and and and reliability reliability reliability reliability Data that are obtained from the research must be valid and reliable. As this study is action research, there are five criteria of validity that must be achieved by the researcher as follows Anderson in Burns, 1999: 11-162: 1. Democratic validity It is related to the extent which the research was truly conducted collaboratively and includes multiple voices. In gaining the democratic validity, the researcher conducted the interviews which the stakeholders i. e. the students grade VIII of SMPN 1 Gamping and the English teacher to tell their opinion about the research conducted. 2. Outcome validity Outcome validity is related to the notions of actions leading to outcomes that are successful within the context. This validity was fulfilled by the improvement of the students’ writing skills. Therefore, the outcome of this research was the improvement of the writing skills of the students’. To achieve the validity, the researcher finds solutions of the problem and made reflections in every meeting. 3. Process validity The process validity was fulfilled through reflecting to the data and modifying the strategies to answer the questions appeared during the process. The researcher made sure that the students still go on learning although the research stopped. Besides, the researcher also involved other people to see from different perspectives in order to see the big picture of the process. 4. Catalytic validity Catalytic validity is related to the extend in which the research could allow the participants to be more understand about the social context conducted then before. It could show how the participants make changes within the research. To get this validity, the researcher did planning, action, observation, and reflections in the research process. 5. Dialogic validity In achieving the dialogic validity, the researcher conducted dialogues with the English teacher, the students, gain some data about the effect of the treatment that is implemented to students. The researcher asked them to give comments about the using of the media in every meeting so that there would be an evaluation. It was done to know the strengths and weakness of the action and the researcher could do better in the next meeting. Reliability is essentially a synonym for consistency and reliability over time, over instruments and over groups of respondents. To obtain the trustworthiness, the researcher used the triangulation technique. There are four forms of triangulation used by the researcher Burns, 1999: 164: 1. Time triangulation Time triangulation meant that the data that are collected over period of time. 2. Investigator triangulation In this form, more than one observer was used in the same research setting. It is done by the researcher to avoid the bias observations. There were at least three observers in this study, i.e. the researcher herself, the English teacher, and the collaborator. 3. Theoretical triangulation Theoretical triangulation means that the data were analyzed from more than one perspective from some theoretical views. In this research, the researcher reviewed the theories from some experts of some books. H. H. H. H. Indicators