and interesting in non-literary works. In addition, the finding of this research can be one of the sources of information or a reference for other researchers in
the future. Thus, they can conduct further studies in stylistics with a more
complex discussion that focuses on different objects.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review 1. Stylistics
In life, style has broad definitions. Style in general is a way of expressing, doing, or presenting something. So as in language, the language
user has hisher style of language to express. In language, style is also a way to write or use words beautifully. Since language and style can be combined,
then the study of both fields called stylistics appeared. Basically, stylistics is the study that investigates language and style.
Verdonk 2002: 3 implicitly states that stylistics is a linguistic description on a language style study. Since the main study of stylistics is language, then
stylistics is the study under linguistics although on its investigation, it can use literature perspective.
On its development, stylistics had an extension on its objects of study. At first, stylistics is used to investigate literary works. It occurs because on its
application, stylistics is the study with linguistic analysis and literary criticism. Objects which are investigated are prose and poetry. However, in
this era, stylistics can be applied in non-literary works. Simpson 2004: 2-3 states that the preferred study in stylistics is literary text, but many forms of
discourse advertising, journalism, popular music –even casual conversation
often display a high degree of stylistics scope. Now, the study of stylistics can be used by more circles and it is being more flexible and applicable.
Leech and Short 2007: 11 state that the study of stylistics aims to give an explanation of the language use and artistic function. They also affirm
that every analysis of style is an attempt to find the artistic principles underlying
a writer’s choice 2007: 60. Moreover, the essential purpose of stylistics is to explore language and creativity in language use Simpson,
2004: 3. Stylistics mostly uses particular stylistic categories than language
categories. Nevertheless, stylistics whose main object of study is language will not be apart from linguistic aspects. Leech and Short in their book
—Style in Fiction 2007: 61 mention that stylistics has four categories of study. The
first is lexical categories. Lexical categories focus on lexical items contained in the text. In the text, lexical items have many types, i.e. nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs. The second is grammatical categories. Grammatical categories focus on the structure of the sentence. To produce a sentence, the
writer or the speaker certainly considers many things such as the use of tenses, complexity level of sentence, active-passive of a sentence, word choice in
sentence, and so on Leech and Short, 2007: 62. The third is cohesion and context. Cohesion and context also have a significant role that can be analyzed
in the study of language style. Cohesion is a correlation among words and sentences in the text, while context is a place where the text stands. In
language, a text becomes a discourse when there are cohesion and coherence
