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is in good health a state. A compact representation of this is offered in states and activities are taken as simple situations; an achievement is more complex because
it contains a state as an embedded proposition; and an accomplishment is even more omplex because it contains both an activity and an achievement. Another set
of examples will now be discussed by to begin to illustrate this. 9 He joined the bean achievement
10 He was a member of the band state 11 I talked to him about it activity
2 I got him to jon the band accomplishment An achievement, such as 9 incorporates an implicit end-state, 10 in this
instance : joining the band results in him being a member of the band. There is an entailment here : as soos as 9 becomes true. 10 does too, provided the refers
constant. The part of an accomplishment, such as 12, that works towards the goal is an activity, like 11 one way-not the onlyway-of getting people to jon a
band is to talk to them about it. The goal of an accomplishment is an entailed achievement, here 9.
2.4.4 Achievements
Achievement is a type of situation or state of affairs that is dynamic and has no conceivable duration in time. It is the dynamic situations, occur
instantaneously and punctual events in which a state changes, can answer the question, at what time? Smith 1997:247 stated commonly in English word such
as : win, find, recognize, leave, lose, finish, start, stop, begin, catch, arrive.
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Examples :
13 Instanteneous : We reached the summit.
It means that they got the summit by doing the action to reach it. 14 culmination phase
: We found a solution It means that they find the solution of the problem and have no conceivable time.
Achievements rarely combine with the pogressive aspect, as they designate very short, instantaneous situations, which do not allow a continuous
interpretation.
2.5 Characteristics of Identifying Situation Type
We can find some criteria of determining situation type according to Novakov 2005:26-27, they are as follows :
2.5.1 Telicity and quantity
In linguistics, the aspectual property of a verb phrase 0r of the sentence as a whole which indicates that an action or event has a clear endpoint. Also known
as telicity or aspectual boundedness. Dahl, O 1985: 97 states that telicity is the distinction between telic and atelic. Telic is a word from Greek, telos that means
goal. It means that telic refers to those processes which are seen as having a natural completion. Telic verbs are also sometimes called resultative, processes
which are viewed as having a final point of completion or our attention is directed to this end of the process or Telic verb or ver phrase is a verb that presents a
complete action. Atelic refers to those precesses which is no having the completion.
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Telic and atelic – these refers to situations which have an internal structure consisting of a process leading up to the terminal point and the terminal point
telic, versus situations which do not have an inherent endpoint atelic. In this semantic distinction, it is particularly clear that situations are not described by
verbs alone, but rather by the verb with its arguments subject and objects, and it is in fact difficult to find sentences that are unambiguously telic or atelic. The telic
nature of a situation can often be tested os follows Comrie 1976 : 44-45: “if a sentence referring to this situation in a form with imperfective meaning such as
the English Progressive implies the sentence reffering to the same situation in a form with perfective meaning such as the English Perfect, then the situation is
atelic; otherwise it is telic. Thus from John is singing one can deduce John has sing, but from John is making a chair one can not deduce John has made a chair.
Thus a telic situation is one that invilves a process that leads up to a awell-defined terminal point, beyond which the process cannot continue.
Quantity is the spesific goal of making a process. atelic + quantified
telic to draw a circle atelic + unquantified
atelic to drink beer telic + quantified
telic to splint trunks telic + unquantified
atelic to splint wood
