Types of Translation Five Units of Ranks in English

11 From the diagram, we can see that the source language is analyzing the grammatical relationship and the meaning of words and its combination. Then it transferred the meaning from SL into TL. The Reconstruction phase is the phase where the translator rewrites or re-expresses the materials in such a way that the translation product is readable and acceptable in terms of rules and styles in the TL. Furthermore, Nababan 2003:25, he writes that “Proses penerjemahan terdiri atas tiga tahap, yaitu 1 analisis teks bahasa sumber Bsu, 2 pengalihan pesan, 3 restrukturisasi.” The process of translation have three steps, those are 1 the analysis of the source language SL, 2 transferring the message, 3 restructuring.

2.4 Types of Translation

Brislin 1976: 3-4 states that: according to the purpose, translation can be divided into four types: a pragmatic, Pragmatic translation is the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information meant to be communicated in the target language form. Belonging to such translation is the translation of technical information, such as repairing instructions. b aesthetic-poetic, The second type is aesthetic-poetic translation that does not only focus on the information, but also the emotion, feeling, beauty involved in the original writing. c ethnographic, Universitas Sumatera Utara 12 The third is ethnographic translation that explicates the cultural context of the source and second language versions. d linguistic translation The last type is linguistic translation, the one that is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the second language and with grammatical form. Seen from this classification, the translation of literary work should be the aesthetic-poetic one. Otherwise, Jakobson 1969 in Venuti 2000:114 states that the kind of translation is divided into three differently labeled: 1. Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. For instance: Charles dickens’ Animal Farm is rewording into children language version but still in English. 2. Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. For instance: a text in Indonesian language is translated into English. A novel by Andrea Hirata, Laskar Pelangi has been translated into English become “The Rainbow Troops”. 3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. For instance: if we see one symbol on the road, which picture is a spoon and a fork, it means that we will find a restaurant not too far from the road. Universitas Sumatera Utara 13

2.5 Shifts

Catford 1965 in Venuti 2000:141 states that shifts are departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL source language to the TL target language. He also states that shifts divided into two major types, those are; level shift and category shift.

2.5.1 Level Shifts

As Catford 1965 in Venuti 2000:141 states “Level shifts. By a shift of level we mean that a SL item at one Linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level”. It means that a grammatical unit in English, such as noun, affixes, etc, has a lexical unit in Bahasa Indonesia Machali 1998:14. The followings are the examples of level shifts: 1. a Mary pun tidak mau membeli ketiga benda tersebut. b Even Mary does not want to buy those three things. 2. a Boni has sold his motorcycle, because he needs some money. b Boni sudah menjual sepeda motornya, karena dia butuh uang. In example 1, we can see that a unit morpheme in Bahasa Indonesia grammar ‘pun’ is translated into ‘even’ a lexis in English. And also in example 2, it can be seen that in English if ‘have’ comes together with past participle of ‘sell’. The form ‘have + past participle’ in English is translated into ‘sudah’, a lexis in Bahasa Indonesia. Universitas Sumatera Utara 14

2.5.2 Category Shifts

The second types of shift, is category shift, it is referred to unbounded and rank-bound translation. Unbounded translation means that translation equivalences may occur between sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes. While the term rank-bound translation only to refer to those special cases where equivalence is limited to ranks below the sentence.

2.5.2.1 Structure-Shifts

Structure shift is about the changing of grammatical between the structure of the SL and the TL, because of the structure of the SL and TL is not correspondent. For Example: The form of the noun phrase of SL is Modifier-Head, while the form of the noun phrase of TL is Head-Modifier. new car → mobil baru Adj N N Adj

2.5.2.2 Class-Shifts

Class Shifts is about when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a component of a different class in TL. For instance: a. a medical student Adj. N b. mahasiswa kedokteran N N Universitas Sumatera Utara 15

2.5.2.3 Unit-Shifts

Unit shifts is about to changes of rank. In which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL. For example: Shift from phrase to word The Lord → Tuhan P W

2.5.2.3.1 Word-Shifts

Word shifts is a part of unit-shifts, it is about the changes from word in the SL or Source Language into another ranks in TL or Target Language. For Example: Shift from word Adj. to phrase What about a complete stranger? → Bagaimana dengan orang asing? Adj. P 2.5.2.4 Intra-System-Shifts Intra system shifts is the last shifts, intra system shifts is about the shifts which occur along with the names of the types of shift affecting the other fundamental categories of grammar-unit, structure and class. For example: a. a pair of trousers N plural b. sebuah celana N singular Universitas Sumatera Utara 16

2.6 Five Units of Ranks in English

Morley 2000:23-24 identifies five grammatical units representing ranks in English: sentence, clause, group or phrase, word, and morpheme. 1 Sentence Sentence is a set of words expressing a statement, a question, or an order, usually containing a subject and a verb. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 2000:1212 E.g. ‘Ferdian went to the Hospital last Thursday’ 2 Clause Clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a sentence or part of a sentence. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 2000:228 E.g. ‘We cannot start while it is raining’ the clause is while it is raining 3 Group Phrase Group phrase is a group of words without a finite verb, especially one that forms part of a sentence. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 2000:988 E.g. ‘There came a giant to my door’ the phrase is my door 4 Word Word is a single unit of language which means something can be spoken or written. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 2000:1551 E.g. ‘eat’ 5 Morpheme Universitas Sumatera Utara 17 Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning that a word can be divided into. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 2000:862 E.g. the suffix ‘dom’ in the word ‘freedom’ indicates that the word is a noun in English.

2.7 Word Classes