reader can find them by direct comment from the author, the person’s thought, the person’s conversation or through the medium of another person.
5 Conversation of Others The author gives a clue to the reader about a person’s character through
the conversation of other people and the things they say about her. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give the reader a clue to the
character of the person spoken about. 6 Reactions
The author can give the reader a clue to a person’s character by letting the reader knows how that person reacts to various situation and events.
7 Direct Comment It is quite different from personal description. Here, the author can
describe or comment on a person’s character directly. 8 Thoughts
The author gives the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this case, the person is able to do what we cannot do in real life.
Therefore, the reader will know the character of the person simply by knowing what is in her mind.
9 Mannerism Here, the author describes a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies,
which may also tell the reader something about the character. Therefore, the reader can get a clue of a person’s character from the way she behaves and acts in
her daily life in the novel. 13
3. Critical Approach
Literary work has an aesthetic value. It is very common for the readers to response after reading a literary work. Knowing and understanding critical
approaches are very important to give aesthetic response to the literary work. According to Rohrberger and Woods Jr. 6-15, critical approach involves five
approaches. They are: a. The Formalist Approach
The proponents of this approach concentrate on the aesthetic value of literary work. This approach concerns on the total integrity of literary piece. In
determining the structure and meaning of literary work, demonstrating the harmonious involvement of parts and pointing out the technique are used.
b. The Biographical Approach The proponents of this approach tend to apply the author’s background of
life and his or her idea to dig out the understanding of literary work. Therefore, biographical approach uses the biography of the author as the basic of analysis. As
a consequence, the readers attempt to learn about the life and the development of the author as much as they can in order to understand his or her writings.
c. The Sociocultural-historical Approach The proponents of sociocultural-historical approach attempt to find the
idea by emphasizing to learn the culture which exists in the civilization. The proponents believe that social and historical condition of the author can influence
his or her literary work. Therefore, the proponents convince that the only way to 14
locate the real world into literary work refers to the civilization that creates the culture.
d. The Mythopoeic Approach The proponents of this mythopoeic approach understand the literary work
by finding particular recurrent patterns of human though which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community mind. They are found
expressed in ancient myths and folk terms. Therefore, the mystical relationship found in a story can be explained by the use of this approach.
e. The Psychological Approach The proponents of this approach use the theory of human psychology as
the references to analyze the character’s behavior, motivation and personality pattern that can be interrelated into the psychology of human beings. Through this
approach, the character’s thought, idea and behavior can be analyzed deeper. Each approach has its own strength, weaknesses, values and limitations. It
also has its proper insight and this will be the duty of the readers to figure out the approach that would guide to the better understanding and comprehension to the
works of literature, as we know that not all of the approaches would be suitable to be applied in every study.
4. Motivation
In the novel, motivation is an internal process that controls Maria’s behavior in order to gain the goals. Maria’s motivation to change her life makes
her able to think about the way she should behave in her surroundings. In fact, her 15
