Motivation Review of Related Theories

person to do something continually toward the goal to achieve. “Motivation is broadly concerned with the temporary determinants of choice direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior Beck 24. Motivation appears when people want to fulfill their needs, for example, having friends. Stanton 17 states that a character has ‘reason for behaving or motivation’. This motivation is divided into two types, specific motivation and basic motivation. Specific motivation is the immediate reason, perhaps unconscious, for any particular speech or act. Basic motivation is an aspect of his general character. To sum up, motivation is divided into two types, specific motivation and basic motivation. Specific motivation is only spontaneous motivation and basic motivation is a deeper motivation which is a mixture of some specific motivations. Specific motivation appears to support basic motivation, which has a deeper influence on the person to act. To act one needs to have motivation either specific or basic one. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is a good model for understanding human motivation which drives him to act. Maslow as quoted in Wikipedia proposes a hierarchy of human needs based on five basic aspects of life. Those five aspects are psychological needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs Wikipedia. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival. Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional are satisfied we move to the higher order needs of influence and personal development. The lowest level of hierarchy of human needs is called physiological needs. It includes the most basic needs that are vital to survive, including the need for water, air, food, and sleep. Maslow believes that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. After physiological needs are fulfilled, the motivation will rise to the next level called security needs. These include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Security needs include a desire for security of body, steady employment, health, safe neighborhoods, and security of family. The next level after security needs concerns social needs. These include needs for belonging, love, and affection from family, friend or people around us. Maslow considers these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments and families help fulfill these needs for companionship and acceptance. After the first three needs are satisfied, esteem needs become increasingly important. These include the need of confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others, and self-esteem. Then, the next needs are self-actualization needs. Self-actualization needs are the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. If people respect us, we have greater power. Self-actualizing people are concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their potential. From the previous explanation it can be summed up that the lower the needs in the hierarchy, the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to discard the higher needs in order to pay attention to the lower needs.

2.1.5 Friendship

A friendship means relation among people based on love, care, and affection between two or more people. We need friends in our life to help us to reach our dreams. We need to have good friends to be healthy emotionally in the process of maturing Lund 9. Aristotle as quoted in Becker 388 divides friendship into some categories. They are a friendship based on utility, a friendship based on pleasure and a perfect friendship based on goodness. Friendship based on utility is the worst friendship. It is because utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to situations. So if the utility which becomes the ground of the friendship disappears, then the friendship will also break up. Friendship between young people is thought to be based on pleasure. It is because most of young people’s behavior and thoughts are controlled by feelings and their main interest is how to get some pleasure. However, along with the age their experiences are various so that there is a great possibility that they will break the friendship because their efforts to get pleasure change. However, a perfect friendship is based on goodness. Only the friendship of those who are good is perfect. It is because true friends love the other for what he is and not for any incidental value. Friendship of this kind is permanent because in that kind of friendship all the qualities that friends ought to possess are united. Beebe 413 mentions three reasons of having friends. First, we need friends to be included in some activities of others or of our own. Second, we need friends to control and to be controlled, dealing with the stability and comfort in our interaction with others. Third, we need friends to give and receive love, support, warmth, and intimacy. Besides, we need them to help us cope with stress and uncertainty, to take care of our physical needs and even to help us in the development of our personality. Paul Peterson states on his website that friendship has some certain characteristics which differentiate it from any other relationship. They are honesty and trust, emotional feeling and service and loyalty Peterson 1. Firstly, honesty and trust are the most important things because an honest affirmation or correction to a friend can help him to be better. This honesty is strongly linked to trust because sometimes we need to share confidential problems. One will not easily tell his secret to a stranger. Most of the time he will tell his secret or confidential problem only to someone close to him, the one whom he trusts and knows well. Friends will also give us an honest opinion about us and may sometimes give an honest and supportive praise. Secondly, it is an emotional respect which deals with love, receiving and understanding. Emotional respect will give a strong support to a friendship because through love we will not leave our friend who is in trouble. A good friend will stay closer to us when nobody is near. This friend’s love will lead us to receiving and understanding, because a friend will help each other and receive him just the way he is. Through receiving, friendship gives forth, in the sense of understanding of each character, ways of thinking, emotional atmosphere and behaviors. Thirdly, it concerns service and loyalty. Here service refers to some helping action that we can do to our friends. Service may also appear when our close friend wants to share his feelings or problems and we play our role as a good listener to him. This empathy shows our feeling to share and our understanding to him. While loyalty means that a friend will not speak badly about him when he is not around. No matter how bad our friend is in other people’s eyes, we are the ones who know him well. We