1.5.1 Character Character is the person, in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral
and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialog- and what they do-the action Abrams 20
1.5.2 Characterization
Henkel defines characterization as central to the fictional experience. The principle objective of the creation of the characters in novels is to enable the reader
to understand and experience people 86. Thus in this study, characterization means the way the author presents the character.
1.5.3 Motive Worchel and Shebilske define motive in their book Psychology Principles and
Applications as the condition that energizes and directs the behavior of an organism 373. Thus, motive is something behind the action. Someone has a motivation in
doing an action. In another word, there is no action without motivation. 1.5.4 Friendship
In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, friendship is defined as a
special, familiar and highly valued type of human social relationship Manstead and Hewstone 250. In line with the word friendship, Saint Augustine Ed. Sister Marie
Aquinas 219 states the meaning of friendship as follows: Friendship is a union between persons who, loving God with their whole hearts, souls, and minds, and
loving each other as themselves, are joined for all eternity to each other.
1.5.5 Hazara
The Hazara are an ethnic group who reside mainly in the central region of
Afghanistan, called Hazarajat or Hazaristan. They are predominantly Shia
Muslims and speak the Hazaragi dialect of the Persian language Musawi 1.
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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE
The discussion is divided into two parts namely the review of related theories and theoretical framework. Review of the related theories gives brief explanation of
the theories of critical approaches and the theories of literature such as theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of friendship. Theoretical framework
provides an explanation of how those theories are applied in analysis.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
This part presents the theoretical review which contains critical approach, theories of character, theories of characterization, theories of motivation and theories
of friendship.
2.1.1 Critical Approaches
According to Rohrberger and Woods 6-15 there are 5 kinds of critical approaches. First is the formalist approach that searches only on the work based on its
aesthetic value. Secondly, the biographical approach is an approach in understanding a work of art through the biography of the author. Third is the sociocultural-historical
approach that sees a work of literature which is referenced on sociocultural-historical background. Fourth is the mysthopoeic approach that uses myth beyond the work of
art as the reference. Fifth is the psychological approach works which is based on the psychological theories. The psychological approach explores a work of art by using
some psychological theories as the framework.
From those five approaches, the psychological approach is chosen to reveal the meaning of friendship for a person despite some betrayal that he has received. In
Khaled Hosseini The Kite Runner, a friendship is presented by Amir and Hassan. They have different characters and personality that lead them into a peer relationship. This
solid relationship drives Hassan to maintain his friendship with Amir. Therefore, some theories on friendship and character and characterization are needed.
The psychological approach employs theories of human psychology. People are developing from birth to death. People experience many things at certain ages and
stages. As the framework of this study, the meaning of friendship is emphasized on seeing the reasons why the main character of The Kite Runner, Hassan, still maintains
his friendship with Amir after twenty-six years and received some betrayals.
2.1.2 Character
In order to understand how a character in literary work is described, we need to understand the theory of character. Through this theory we will understand the
character which is created in a work of literature. Characters are crucial in the novel. They play an important role to determine
the unity and sense of art of the story. Abrams defines characters as the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being
endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialog and by what they do the action. He adds that the characters have some
characteristics like real human beings. They have temperament, moral and social values that eventually become the motivation of their speech and actions. Characters
may remain stable or undergo some changes during the story. They experience many
