Macmillan was a great inventor. b. Macmillan’s bike didn’t look much like our modern bikes.

The best way to find this information is to use the key words from the question as your guide. In this example, the key words are how many and species. These two items tell you to look for a sentence in the pas- sage that has both a number and the word species. Then you can find the sentence that provides the correct information. You don’t have to re-read the entire passage—in fact, you can’t, because you will run out of time for other questions. Instead, skim through the paragraphs looking for your key words. In addition, you can use the structure of the passage to help you find the correct information. If you read carefully, you probably noticed that the paragraph talks about species first, then venom, then bites. Thus, you can use your understanding of the structure to guide you to the place to find the correct answer. You can use the same approach for all three types of questions. For example, imagine you are asked: In which sentence does the author state how many snakebites result in death? Find the key words in the question: how many, bites, and death. Then, scan the paragraph looking for the sentence that discusses the number of deadly bites. Note that the key word might not be the exact word in the passage. For example, the question might be phrased as follows: In which sentence does the author state the number of snakebites that are fatal? In this case, your key words are number, bites, and fatal. But you won’t find “fatal” anywhere in the pas- sage. As you scan, then, you need to keep your eyes open for the key words and other words that might address the same idea. For fatal, for example, you might scan for the words death, kill, and deadly to find the correct answer to this question. Again, if you noticed the structure of the paragraph as you read, you would also know to look at the end of the paragraph. Practice 3 Read the passage below carefully and then answer the questions that follow. [Answers and explanations to all practice questions are located in Appendix A.] 1 The Industrial Revolution was essentially a rapid change in the method of production of material goods. 2 Products once made by hand were now able to be produced by machine or To find specific facts and details, use these two guidelines:

1. Look for key words in the question to tell you exactly what information to look for in

the passage.

2. Think about the structure of the passage and where that information is likely to be

located. – R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N S K I L L S – 3 7 by chemical processes. 3 The Industrial Revolution transformed Western society, creating an international capitalist economy, urbanization, labor reforms, public education, and labor spe- cialization. 4 While the pace of change during the Industrial Revolution was indeed very rapid, the Industrial Revolution itself stretched over a rather long period of time—from the mid-1700s through World War I 1914. 5 In the first century of the Industrial Revolution, the country undergoing the most dramatic change was England. 6 After 1850, the Industrial Revolution spread rapidly throughout Europe. 7 Several key discoveries and inventions enabled the Industrial Revolution to take place. 8 These included machines and tools like the cotton gin, the radio, the circular saw, the cylin- drical press, and the steam engine. 9 Cement, dynamite, and aluminum were invented, as were the bleaching and papermaking processes. 1. The Industrial Revolution took place during which years?

a. 1700–1850 b. 1850–1914

c. 1700–1914 d. 1850–today

2. Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Industrial Revolution?

a. advances in medical technology b. mechanization of hand labor

c. development of a public education system d. specialization of labor

3. In which sentence does the author describe machines developed during the Industrial Revolution?

a. sentence 2 b. sentence 7

c. sentence 8 d. sentence 9

Recognizing Structure and Organizational Patterns As already mentioned, when you are looking for specific information in a passage, it’s often helpful to use the structure of the passage as a guide. Recognizing structural patterns can also help you answer the TOEFL exam sentence insertion questions. If you can identify organizational strategies and recognize transitional phrases, you will have a better chance of answering these questions correctly. – R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N S K I L L S – 3 8