5. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1. Simpulan
1. Untuk mendapatkan bioplastik yang dapat diaplikasikan sebagai plastik kemasan pangankantong yang sesuai standar plastik kemasan, maka rekayasa
proses produksi yang dilakukan terdiri dari modifikasi pati, penggunaan compatibilizer LLDPE-g-MA konsentrasi MA 5 dan HDPE-g-MA
konsentrasi MA 7,5, pencampuran antara pati termoplastik dan resin plastik dengan perbandingan konsentrasi TPSLLDPE adalah 4060,
sedangkan TPSHDPE adalah 3070. 2. TPS hasil penelitian memiliki karakteristik kadar air 11,97, kadar abu
0,02, kadar pati 67,05, dan derajat kristalinitas 16,13, sehingga TPS tersebut dapat dijadikan bahan baku pembuatan bioplastik.
3. Penggunaan maleat anhidrat mempengaruhi densitas dan sifat plastis compatibilizer LLDPE-g-MA dan HDPE-g-MA, hal tersebut disebabkan
karena semakin tinggi konsentrasi maleat anhidrat semakin tinggi nilai densitas dan semakin menurun nilai perpanjangan putus compatibilizer
LLDPE-g-MA dan HDPE-g-MA, sedangkan penggunaan jenis resin mempengaruhi nilai rata-rata densitas, kecepatan alir, titik leleh dan
perpanjangan putus compatibilizer LLDPE-g-MA dan HDPE-g-MA. Compatibilizer berbahan baku resin HDPE mempunyai nilai densitas,
kecepatan alir, dan titik leleh lebih tinggi daripada resin LLDPE, tetapi nilai perpanjangan putusnya lebih rendah.
4. Berdasarkan standar karakteristik perpanjangan putus untuk aplikasi plastik kemasan pangan berbahan baku LLDPE, maka formula terbaik adalah
bioplastik berbahan baku TPSLLDPEcompatibilizer dengan konsentrasi TPS 40, LLDPE 60 dan compatibilizer MA 5derajat grafting 6,96,
sedangkan berdasarkan standar karakteristik kekuatan tarik untuk aplikasi plastik kemasan pangan berbahan baku HDPE, maka formula terbaik
bioplastik berbahan baku TPSHDPEcompatibilizer adalah TPS 30, HDPE 70 dan compatibilizer MA 7,5derajat grafting 3,21 .
5. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui tidak ada perubahan signifikan pada karakteristik mekanik kuat tarik dan perpanajangan putus, permeabilitas, dan
morfologi bioplastik pada berbagai suhu penyimpanan. Bioplastik memiliki kemampuan dalam mempertahankan kekuatan mekaniknya walaupun
disimpan pada suhu rendah.
5.2. Saran
Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi kekuatan tarik dan perpanjangan putus, maka bioplastik dengan konsentrasi TPS 40 menunjukkan sifat mekanik masih
sesuai standar untuk kemasan pangan LLDPE atau HDPE, oleh karena itu perlu penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui karakteristik bioplastik dengan
konsentrasi TPS lebih dari 40. Berdasarkan hasil permeabilitas yang didapat bahwa bioplastik memiliki
nilai laju transmisi uap air yang meningkat dan laju transmisi yang menurun dengan semakin meningkatnya konsentrasi TPS maka perlu penelitian lebih lanjut
aplikasi pemanfaatan bioplastik sebagai plastik kemasan produk panganpertanian yang sesuai dengan sifat permeabilitas yang dimiliki.
Oleh karena pengembangan plastik pada penelitian ini diarahkan untuk aplikasi kemasan pangan maka disaranakan untuk dilakukan uji migrasi untuk
mengetahui kestabilan komponen-komponen pembuat bioplastik.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aburto J, Thiebaud S, Alric I, Borredon E, Bikiaris D, Prinos J, Panayiotou C.
1997. Properties of octanoated starch and its blends with polyethylene. Carbohydrate Polymres 34: 101
–112. Akbari B, Bagheri R. 2012. Influence of compatibilizer and processing conditions
on morphology, mechanical properties, and deformation mechanism of PPClay nanocomposite. Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2012. Article
ID 810623. 8 pages.
Akili MS 2012. Pembuatan dan karakterisasi edible film dari pectin hasil ektraksi kulit pisang. Tesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana. IPB. Bogor.
Alves VD, Mali S, Bele´ia A, Grossmann MVE. 2007. Effect of Glycerol and Amylose Enrichment on Cassava Starch Film Properties. Journal of Food
Engineering 78: 941 –946.
AOAC. 1995. Official methode of analysis of the association of official analytical chemist. Virginia: AOAC, Int.
Artham T, Doble M. 2008. Biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic polycarbonates. Macromol Biosci 81:14
–24. Arvanitoyannis I, Costas GB, Hiromasa O, Norioki Kawasaki. 1998.
Biodegradable films made from Low-Density Polyethylene LDPE, rice starch and potato starch for food packaging applications: Part 1.
Carbohydrate Polymers 36: 89-104.
ASTM. American Society for Tensting and Material. 1991. Annual book of ASTM standards. Volume ke-14. Philadelphia: America Society for Testing and
Material. Avella M, De Vlieger JJ, Errico ME, Fischer S, Vacca P, Volpe MG. 2005.
Biodegradable starchclay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications. Food Chemistry 93 : 467
–474. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. Indonesia Dalam Angka 2010. Jakarta.
Baillie C. 2004. Green Composites. Polymer Composites and The Enviroment. CRC Press.
Birley AW, Heat RJ, Scott MJ. 1988, Plastic Materials Properties and Aplications. cations. Chapman and Hall Publishing, New York.
Bonse BC, Mamede MCS, Da Costa RA, Bettini HP. 2010. Effect of compatibilizer and bamboo fiber content on the mechanical properties of
PP-G-MA compatibilized polypropylenebamboo fiber composite. Proceeding of polymer processing society 26
th
annual meeting. July 4-8. Banff. Canada.
Briassoulis D, Aristopoulou A. 2002. A modified artificial ageing procedure for low density polyethylene LDPE agricultural films. EurAgEng Paper No
02-SE-014, International Conference on Agricultural Engineering AgEng, 30 June
–4 July, Budapest, Hungary. Briassoulis D, Aristopoulou A, Bonora M, Verlodt I. 2004. Degradation
characterisation of agricultural Low-density Polyethylene Films. Biosystems Engineering 88 2: 131
–143.
Budiman N.2003. Polimer Biodegradabel.httpwww.kompas.com030228ilpeng. Butler BL, Vergano PJ, Testin RF, Bunn JM, Wiles JL. 1996. Mechanical and
barrier properties of edible chitosan films asaffected by composition and storage. Journal of Food Science 615 : 953
–955. Chanda M, Roy SK. 2007. Plastics Technology Handbook. CRS Press. New
York. Chaudhary AL, Torley PJ, Halley N. McCaffery, Chaudhary DS. 2009. Amylose
content and chemical modification effects on thermoplastic starch. from maize processing and characterisation using conventional polymer
equipment Carbohydrate Polymers 78: 917 –925.
Chen L, Qiu X, Xie Z, Hong Z, Sun J, Chen X, Jing X. 2005. PolyL- lactidestarch
blends compatibilized
withpolyL-lactide-g-starch copolymer. Carbohydrate Polymers 65:75
–80. Chiellini E, Corti A, Swift G. 2003. Biodegradation of thermally-
oxidized,fragmented low-density polyethylenes. Polym. Degrad. 81: 341 –
351. Conde-Petit B, Escher. 1995. Complexation induced changes of rheological
properties of starch systems at different moisture levels. Foreign Journal of Rheology 6: 1497
–1518. Cuq B, Gontard N, Cuq JL, Guilbert S. 1997. Selected functional properties of
fish myofibrillar protein-based films as affected by hydrophilic plasticizers. J. Agric.Food Chem. 45: 622
–626. Da Ro´z AL, Carvalho AJF, Gandini A, Curvelo AAS. 2006. The effect of
plasticizers on thermoplastic starch compositions obtained by melt processing. Carbohydrate Polymers 63: 417
–424. Degli-Innocenti F, Tosin M, Bellia G. 2000. Degradability of plastics. Standard
methods developed in Italy. Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment ORBIT.
De Graaf RA, Karman AP, Janssen LPBM. 2003. Material properties and glass transition temperatures of different thermoplastic starches after extrusion
processing. StarchStaerke 552: 80 –86.
De vlieger JJ. 2003. Green plastics for food packaging. In R. Advenainen Ed., Novel food packaging techniques pp. 519
–534. EnglandUSA: Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC.
Della V, Buleon G, Carreau A, Lavoie PA, Vergnes B. 1998. Relationship between structure and viscoelastic behavior of plasticized starch. Journal
of Rheology 423: 507 –525.
Departemen Kesehatan. 1990. Komposisi Zat Pangan Indonesia. Departemen Kesehatan RI Direktorat Bina Gizi Masyarakat dan Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Gizi. Dilara PA, Briassoulis D. 2000. Degradation and stabilization of low density
polyethylene LDPE films used as greenhouse covering materials. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 76: 309
–321. Dinas Kebersihan DKI. 2011. Laporan Tahunan . Pemerintah Daerah Khusus
Ibukota Jakarta. Doi Y, Fukuda K. Eds.. 1994. Biodegradable plastics and polymers Amsterdam:
Elsevier. pp. 479 –497.
Donhowe IG, Fennema OR. 1993. Water vapor and oxygen permeability of wax films.
Journal of the American Oil Chemist’s Society 709: 867–871. Dontulwar JR, Borikar DK, Gogte BB. 2006. Synthesis and characterization of
biodegradable polymer from mixed carbohydrate and maleic anhydride as precursor. Carbohydrate Polymers 63: 375
–378. Dziedzic SZ, Kearsley MW. 1995. The Technology of Starch Production. Di
dalam M.W. Kearsley and Dziedzic, S.Z. Handbook of Starch Hydrolysis Product and Their Derivatives. Blackle Academic and Prof., London.
Fleche G. 1985. Chemical Modification and Degradation of Starch. Starch Convension Technology New York : Marcel Dekker.pp. 73-98.
Erlandsson B, Karlsson S, Albertsson AC. 1997. The mode of action of corn starch and aprooxidant systemin LDPE: influence of thermooxidation and
UV-irradiation on the molecular weight changes. Polym Degrad Stab 55:237
–45. Escamilla GC, Canché-Canché M, Duarte-Aranda S, Cáceres-Farfán M, Borges-
Argáez R. 2011. Mechanical properties and biodegradation of thermoplastic starches obtained from grafted starches with acrylics.
Carbohydrate Polymers 86: 1501 – 1508.
Fang Q, Hanna, MA. 2001. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable copolyester-starch base foams. Bioresource Technology 78: 115-122.
Fayt L, Hadjiandreou P, Teyssie P. 1985. Immicible Polymer Blends. J. Polym Sci. 23 : 337-343.
Feng D, Caulfield DF, Sanadi AR. 2001. Effect of compatibilizer on the structure- property relationships of kenaf-fiberpolypropylene composites. Polymer
composites 22 4: 506-517. French D. 1984. In R.L. Whistler, J.N. Bemiller, E.F. Paschal1 Eds.,
Organization of starch granules in starch chemistry and technology . pp. 184-247. New York: Academic Press Inc.
Fringant C, Debrieres J, Rinaudo M. 1996. Phyisical Properties of Acetylated Starch Based Material : Relaxation with Their Molecular Characteristics.
J. Polymer 37 : 2667-2673. Fung KL, Li RKY, Tjong SC. 2002. Interface modification on the properties of
sisal fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 85: 169-176.
Fuzail M, Shah G, Anwar J. 2010. Modification of polyethylene and incorporation of AlOH3 for improvement of mechanical properties, burning behaviour
and thermal stability. Iranian Polymer Journal 19 1: 47-56. Godbole S, Gote S, Latkar M, Chakrabarti T. 2003. Preparation and
characterization of biodegradable poly-3-hydroxybutyrate –starch blend
films. Bioresource Technology 86: 33 –37.
Goldberg D. 1995. A review of the biodegradability and utility of poly caprolactone. J Environ Polym Degrad. 3:61
–8. Gontard N, Guilbert . 1993. Water and gliserol as plasticizers effect mechanical
and water vapor barrier properties of an edible wheat gluten film. J. Food Sci. 58 1 : 2006-211.
Grace MR. 1977. Cassava processing. Food and Agricultural Organization of The United Nation, Rome.
Griffin GJL. 1994. Chemistry and Technology of BiodegradablePolymers 135-
149. Blackie Academic Professional. London. Gu JD, Ford TE, Mitton DB, Mitchell R. 2000. Microbial degradation and
deterioration of polymeric materials. In: Revie W, editor. The Uhlig Corrosion Handbook. 2nd Edition. New York: Wiley. p. 439
–60. Hasna M. 2005. Memasukan gugus fungsi pada rantai LDPE untuk memudahkan
degradasi. ITB. Bandung. Hayami Y, Kawagoe T. 1993. The agrarian origins of commerce and industry
astudy of Peaseant Marketing in Indonesia . St Martins’s Press.
Hendri J, Suka IG, Simanjuntak W, Annisa, Gatot. 2008. Characteristic of acrylic acid grafted polyethylene film prepared by gamma irradiation method.
Indo. J.Chem. 81: 18-24. http:www.zeusinc.com. Low temperature properties of polymers. Technical
Whitepaper 2005. Diakses tanggal 7 Januari 2013. Huneault MA, Li H. 2007. Morphology and properties of compatibilized
polylactidethermoplastic starch for degradable polyethylene Sheets. Polymer Degradation and Stability 73 : 363
– 375. IIAT. 1990. Cassava in Tropical Africa. A reference Manual. Ibadan, pp 85-120.
In : Aryee, F.N.A., I. Oduro, and J.J. Afuakwa. 2006. The Phsycochemical Propreties of Flour Samples From The Roots of 31 Varieties of Cassava.
Ishiaku US, Pang KW, Lee WS, Ishak ZAM. 2002. Mechanical properties and enzymic degradation of thermoplastic and granular sago strach filled poly
ε-carprolactone. European Poly. J. 38 : 393-401. Ismail H, Hairunezam HM. 2001. The effect of a compatibilizer on curing
characteristics, mechanical properties and oil resistance of styrene butadiene rubberepoxidized natural rubber blends. European Polymer
Journal 37: 39-44.
Kaci MH, Djidjelli A, Boukerrou L, Zaidi. 2007. Effect of wood filler treatment and EBAGMA compatibilizer on morphology and mechanical properties
of low density polyethyleneolive husk flour composites. EXPRESS Polymer Letters 1 7 467
–473. Kaewtatip K, Tanrattanakul V. 2008. Preparation of cassava starch grafted with
polystyrene by suspension polymerization. Carbohydrate Polymers 73:
647 –655.
Kalambur S, Rizvi SSH. 2006. An overview of starch-based plastic blends from reactive extrusion. J. Plast Film Sheet 22 : 39-58.
Kaur I, Gautam N. 2010. Starch grafted polyethylene evincing biodegradation behaviour. Malaysian Polymer Journal 5 1 : 26-38.
Khalaf MN, Ali HAM, Georgius AA. 2008. Rheological studies of modified maleated polyethylene Medium Density Polyethylene blends. Malaysian
Polymer Journal 3 2: 54-64. Kilara A. 2006. Interactions of ingridients in food system. In:Gaonkar, A.G., and
A. McPherson. 2006. Ingridients Interactions : Effect on food quality. Taylor and Francis, London.
Kim M, Lee SJ. 2002. Characteristics of crosslink potato starch and starch-filled LLDPE films. Carbohydrate Polymers 50: 331-337.
Kim M. 2003. Evaluation of degradability of hydroxypropylated potato starchpolyethylene blend films. Carbohydrate Polymers 54:173
–181.
Kirk RE, Othmer DF. 1996. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4
th
edition Vol 19. John Willey and Sons Inc, New York.
Krochta, J. M. dan McHugh, T. H. 1994. Sorbitol vs glyserol plastisized whey protein edible film: Integrated oxygen permeability and tensile property evaluation. J.
Agric Food Chem 424: 841-845.
Labuza TP. 1982. Open shelf life dating of foods. Food Science and Nutrition Press Inc.
Lanthong P, Nuisin R, Kiatkamjornwong S. 2006. Graft copolymerization, characterization, and degradation of cassava starch-g-acrylamideitaconic
acid superabsorbents. Carbohydrate Polymers 66 : 229 –245.
Latief R.
2001. Teknologi
kemasan plastik
biodegradabel. httpwww.hayati_ipb.com
userrudyctindividu 2001rindam_latief.htm 87k [20 Desember 2009]. Lo DW, Chiang CR, Chang FC. 1997. Reactive compatibilization of PET and
PPE blends by epoxy couplers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 739-753. Lopes PE, Sousa, JA . 2005. Influence of PP-g-MAH compatibilizer
characteristics on interphase and mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Proc. 14th Brazilian Congress on
Materials Engng. Sci. 23501-23512.
Luallen T. 2004. Utilizing starch in product development. In : Eliasson, A.C. 2004. Starch in Food : Function, and Applications. CRS Press, Boca
Raton. Machado AV, Covos, JA. 2000. Monitoring polyolefin modification along the
axis of a twin screw extruder mleic anhydride grafting. Journal of Polymer Science Part A. Vol. 38: 3919-3932.
Makfoeld D. 1982. Deskripsi Pengolahan Hasil Nabati. Agritech Fak. Teknologi Pertanian UGM. Yogyakarta. Sudarmadji, S., H. Bambang dan Suhardi.
2003. Analisa Bahan Makanan dan Pertanian. Edisi Kedua. Penerbit Lyberti. Yogyakarta.
Mali S, Sakanaka LS, Yamashita F, Grossmann MVE. 2005. Water sorption and mechanical properties of cassava starch films and their relation to
plasticizing effect. Carbohydrate Polymers 60: 283 –289.
Mashuri. 2006. Pengaruh antioksidan terhadap kestabilan sifat fisis bahan polipaduan polipropilena-karet alam : II. Studi kristalinitas dan struktur
molekul. Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya. 2 1: 1-6. Mbey JA, Hoppeb S, Thomasa F. 2012. Cassava starch
–kaolinite composite film. Effect of clay content and claymodification on film properties.
Carbohydrate Polymers 88:213 –222.
McHugh TH, Krochta JM. 1994. Sorbitol- vs glycerol plasticized whey protein edible films: Integrated oxygen permeability and tensile property
evaluation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 424: 841 –845.
Mehrabzadeh M, Kamal MR, Quintanar G. 2009. Maleic anhydride grafting onto HDPE by In situ reactive extrusion and its effect on intercalation and
mechanical properties of HDPEClay nanocomposites. Iranian Polymer Journal 18 10 : 833-842.
Mengeloglu F, Karakus K. 2008. Thermal degradation, Mechanical properties and morphology of wheat straw flour filled recycled thermoplastic composites.
Sensors 8: 500-519.
Metha AK, Jain D. 2007. Polymer blend and alloys part-1. Compatibilizers- Ageneral Survey. www.plusspolymers.com. Tanggal akses : 3 Maret 2010.
Mohee R. 1998. Composting potential of bagasse and broiler litter and process simulation using a dynamic model, Ph.D Thesis, University of Mauritius.
Moorthy SN. 2004. Tropical sources of starch. Di dalam: Ann Charlotte Eliasson ed. Starch in Food: Structure, Function, and Application. CRC Press,
Baco Raton, Florida. Morawietz K. 2006. Industrial development of environmental degrdabie plastics-
from The idea to a commercial product. workshop “Sustanaible plastics in India and Asian C
ountries” 14-16 Desember 2006 in India. Biopolymer Technologies Germany.
Mościcki L, Mitrus M, Wójtowicz A, Oniszczuk T, Rejak A, Janssen L. 2011. Application of extrusion-cooking for processing of thermoplastic starch
TPS. Food Research International xxx 2011 xxx –xxx.
Nam B, Kim DH, Son Y. 2010. Evaluations of PP-g-GMA and PP-g-HEMA as a compatibilizer for Polypropyleneclay nanocomposites. NSTI-Nanotech.
Vol. 1: 842-845. Naraprateep T. 2007. Effect of compatibilizer and silane coupling agents om
physical properties of natural fiber-polypropylene. Suranaree University of Technology. Thailand.
Nicholson JW. 2006. The Chemistry of Polymers. RCS Publishing. Thrid Edition. Cambridge UK.
Ning W, Jiugao Y, Xiaofei M, Ying W. 2007. The influence of citric acid on the properties of thermoplastic starchlinear low-density polyethylene blends.
Carbohydrate Polymers 67: 446 –453.
Nizakar M, Sapari B, Bonakdarpour, Milani Z. 2005. Improving the biodegrability and mechanical strength of corn starch-LDPE blends
through formulation modification. Iranian Polym J. 1412 : 1050-1057. Nolan-ITU. 2002. Enviroment Australia: Biodegradable Plastics-Development
and Environment Impact. Melbourne: Nolan-ITU Pty Ltd. Osborn KR, Jenkins WA. 2008. Plastic film. Technolohy and Packaging
Applications. Technomic Publishing Co. Inc. Basel. 233-234. Oses J, Fernandez-Pan I, Mendoza M, Mate, JI. 2008. Stability of the mechanical
properties of edible films based on wheyprotein isolate during storage at different relative humidity.
Owen S, Masaoka M, Sakota N. 1995. Biodegradation of polymer 2
nd
ed. The Royal Society of Chemistry. Cambridge. 173.
Pedroso AG, Rosa DS. 2005. Mechanical, thermal and morphological characterization of recycled LDPEcorn starch blends. Carbohydr. Polym.
59: 1-9. Permatasari NA. 2010. Produksi plastik komposit dari campuran tapioka-onggok
termoplastik dengan
compatibilizer polietilen.
Tesis. Sekolah
Pascasarjana. IPB. Bogor. Popov EP. 1996. Mekanika Teknik. Astamar Z. Penterjemah. Erlangga. Jakarta.
Pouplin M, Redl A, Gontard N, 1999. Glass transition of wheat gluten plasticized with water, glycerol, or sorbitol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 538
–543.
Kategori