AN ANALYSIS OF BAD LANGUAGE FOUND IN “12 STEPS” NOVEL BY DARREN R. HAWKINS
AN ANALYSIS OF BAD LANGUAGE FOUND IN “12 STEPS” NOVEL BY
DARREN R. HAWKINS
THESIS
By:
FRENTY MAHARINI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
AN ANALYSIS OF BAD LANGUAGE FOUND IN “12 STEPS” NOVEL BY
DARREN R. HAWKINS
THESIS
By:
FRENTY MAHARINI
09360182
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
AN ANALYSIS OF BAD LANGUAGE FOUND IN “12 STEPS” NOVEL BY
DARREN R. HAWKINS
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
FRENTY MAHARINI
09360182
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
MOTTO
Sesungguhnya beserta kesukaran ada
kemudahan
(QS: Al-Insirakh:6)
No one will never lie to you, no one will not be
possible to betray you. Believe in your self!
DEDI CATED
This is proudly dedicat ed t o Allah SW T, my
beloved f amily (Bapak, I bu, Reza and Rio), My
close f riends (Rendi, W ak sus, Nunun, Lena and
t he ot hers). Thanks f or t he support s and
mot ivat ions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL .............................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ....................................................................................
ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................
iv
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ................................................................
1
1.2
Statement of Problems ....................................................................
4
1.3
Purpose of the Study.......................................................................
4
1.4
Scope and Limitation......................................................................
4
1.5
Significance of Study .....................................................................
5
1.6
Definition of Key Terms.................................................................
5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Language and Society.....................................................................
6
2.2
Sociolinguistic ................................................................................
7
2.3
Language and Varieties ..................................................................
7
2.3.1 Idiolect ...............................................................................
8
2.3.2 Dialect ................................................................................
8
2.3.2.1 Social Dialect…………………………………….…
2.3.2.2 Regional Dialect………………………………….
8
9
2.3.3 Style ...................................................................................
9
2.3.4 Register ..............................................................................
9
Bad Language ................................................................................
10
2.4.1 Slang ..................................................................................
10
2.4.2 Taboo .................................................................................
11
2.4.1 Swearing .............................................................................
11
2.4.2 Vulgar ................................................................................
11
Meaning in Language .....................................................................
12
2.5.1 Denotation and Sense ..........................................................
12
2.5.2 Lexical and Structural Meaning ..........................................
12
2.5.1 Categorematic and Syncategorematic Expression ................
12
2.6
Bad Language in literature..............................................................
13
2.7
Novel .............................................................................................
13
2.8
12 Steps Novel ...............................................................................
14
2.4
2.5
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design .............................................................................
15
3.2
Research Approach ........................................................................
16
3.2.1 Mimetic Approach ..............................................................
16
3.2.2 Pragmatic Approach ...........................................................
16
3.2.3 Expressive Approach ..........................................................
16
3.2.4 Objective Approach ............................................................
16
Research Object ............................................................................
17
3.3
3.4
Data Collection ..............................................................................
17
3.5
Data Analysis .................................................................................
17
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Research Finding ............................................................................
18
4.1.1 The Kinds of Bad Language used in 12 Steps Novel ...........
18
4.1.1.1 Vulgar .....................................................................
19
4.1.1.2 Taboo ......................................................................
23
4.1.1.3 Swearing .................................................................
26
4.1.2 The Meaning of Bad Language in 12 Steps Novel ...............
29
4.2
Discussion ......................................................................................
33
4.3
Lesson ............................................................................................
35
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
Conclusion .....................................................................................
37
5.2
Suggestions ....................................................................................
38
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Andersson, Lars. Trudgill, Petter. 1990. Bad Languange. USA: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Ary, Donald. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education, Seventh Edition. USA:
Thomson Wadsworth.
Doyle, Terrace. M. 2006. Teaching “Bad Language in Serious and Systematic
Manner. Proceedings of the CATESOL State Conference.
Fromkin, Victoria. Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to
Language Seventh Edition. USA:Thomson Wadsworth.
Kearns, Kate.2000. Modern Linguistics, Semantics.USA: ST. Martin’s Press LLC
Kennedy, XJ.1983. Literature, an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, (3rd
Ed.). Toronto: Little Broen and Company.
Macmillan. 1984. Appreciating Literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing
Company.
Marjohan, Asril. 1988. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta Depdikbud
Longman: Dictionary of American English. 2000. New York: Pearson Education.
Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary of The English: Third Edition. 1983. New York:
Oxford University Express
Sari, Nirmala. 1988. An Introduction to Linguistic. Jakarta: Depdikbud.
Trask, R.L. 1999. Key Concept in Language and Linguistic. New York: Routladge.
Trudgill, Peter. 1983. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and
Society.London:Penguin Books.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. UK: Blackwell
Publishing.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1977. Introduction to Linguistics. USA. Mc. Graw Hill.
Yule, George. 1986. The Study of Language. UK. Cambridge University Press.
http://asonia12-soniaa.blogspot.com. Accessed on Saturday, 11th May 2013 at 06.00
am.
http://www.noswearing.com. Accesed on Friday,1st November 2013 at 06.00 am
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses about background of the study, statement of problems,
purposes of study, significance of study, scope and limitation, and definition of key
terms.
1.1 Background of Study
Language is an important means of social life. It has many functions; to
communicate each other, to show the one’s mind, and to express the human needs.
By the language, people can transfer and show their feelings, thoughts, ideas, emotion
to another and they use a language to get information from others. Trudgill has stated
that language is also related to act of starting or creating and keeping relationship
with other people. It is not only important to a communication verbally and a tool of
informing something (1983). So, it can be imagined how necessary language is.
When humans are born, they will have their own language, become a part of
the society, and they will interact and communicate with their society. It shows that
language and society cannot be separated. The study about the relationship between
language and society is called sociolinguistic. In other words, sociolinguistic is the
study of language deeply by knowing more about the society.
Language variation is one of the main discussions in the study of
sociolinguistics. Language variations are not only as a sign of differentiating its
speech community but also as a reflection of purposes, topics, norms, and mode of
1
language. Language has many variations, because every country and district has their
own language. Then, it becomes larger by the new generation who creates a new
language. Besides, there are formal and informal languages in every society. One of
language variations that is classified as an informal language in society is bad
language.
Bad language is sounds, words, phrases or terms, that are used for certain
purposes that may be dangerous to be used (Andersson and Trudgill, 1990). Bad
language is usually used to express the strong emotion, disappointed, anger, dislike,
and etc. It is also used to abuse somebody else. But, bad language is natural and
common language for some community or society which usually uses that language.
Sometimes it can be amusing and friendly. Slang and swearing as the kinds of bad
language can be used to make closer relationship. Swearing is a type of language that
is used: (a) refer to something taboo in a given culture, (b) to be interpreted nonliterally and (c) used to express strong emotions and attitudes (Andersson and
Trudgill, 1990:53). For example, a boss uses swearing when he is talking to a young
employee who often goes to the bathroom with the sentence, “get your ass in gear!”
to make a joke. It is often taken as a friendly gesture to be one of many ways to show
solidarity. Then, slang is a part of casual and informal styles of language (Sari, 1988).
As well as the following example of slang, “Dinosaur” that means too old, someone
uses the words to tell his friend who not excited so make laughs and amuses him.
Other kinds of language variation that can be categorized as bad language are taboo
and vulgar. According to Anderson and Trudgill (1990), taboo is defined as the words
that are related to sex, religion, parts of body, body functions, ethnic groups, food,
2
dirt and death. Afterwards, Jay (in Doyle, 2006:3) classifies that vulgar is coarse;
morally crude, lacking in cultivation, unsophisticated, under-educated, or relating to
common people, not necessarily obscene, taboo, bad or evil, but they just reflect the
crudeness of “street language”.
Some of bad languages have already existed from long time ago. Then the
development occurs when the new generations create it. Every language in society
will develop larger and some of them are included in bad language. One of the ways
to know about the real language used by society is by reading a novel which shows
about the real language, activity, culture and habits of a society. Actually, the
language that is used by the author also describes the character and the situation in the
story.
“Novel is a book - length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense
that, while we read our experience will actual life” (Kennedy, 1983:180). As an
imaginative literature, novel has long been the favorite of the writers and readers. In
fact, novel is presented to give entertainment and information about daily life to the
reader.
“12 Steps” novel is written by Darren R. Hawkins in 2008. It is a novel about
addiction, recovery, and the social cost of substance abuse treatment. This novel tells
about a man named Ray who is drug addicts and alcoholics. Ray had done a number
of things for which he was not proud, he gets many failures and he must do
redemption to his mistakes. This is a story about the time when Ray must face “The
Federal Law” and pass an abuse treatment. He met to other characters in the story.
This is an emotion novel. In this novel, the conversations are using informal diction
3
and many bad languages. By reading that novel will be known how “bad language”
used by the “12 Steps” novel characters. The writer choose this novel because it used
a lot of bad language that are used by the characters to communicate each others.
Besides, the characters used bad language in most of their conversation to express
their feeling.
1.2 Statements of Problem
Based on the background of the study, the researcher formulates the
statements of problems as follow:
1. What kinds of bad languages are found in “12 Steps” novel?
2. What are the meanings of bad languages found in “12 Steps” novel?
1.3 Purposes of Study
Related to the problems above, the researcher has purposes as follows:
1. To find out kinds of bad languages found in “12 Steps” novel.
2. To know the meaning of the slang found in “12 Steps” novel.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
The scope this study is focused on bad languages in Novel. Moreover, this
study limits the investigation only in bad languages used by the characters in “12
Steps” novel.
4
1.5 Significance of Study
First, the result of the study is expected to give contribution to the readers to
develop their knowledge about bad language and its meaning. This is also important
for the students who learn about sociolinguistic especially on the bad language.
Second, the result of this study is expected to be used as reference for the teachers
who want to teach their students about bad language. Finally, the result of this study
is also expected to give contribution to the next researchers who want to analyze
about bad language from the novel.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
There are several key terms, which are clarified in this study. The researcher
defines the key terms as follows:
1. Analysis is examination of something by dividing into parts (Longman
Dictionary, 2000:14)
2. Bad language is sounds, words, phrases or terms, that are used for certain
purposes that may be dangerous to be used (Andersson and Trudgill, 1990:4).
3. Novel is a book - length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense
that, while we read our experience will actual life (Kennedy, 1983:180).
4. 12 Steps is the title of novel that uses bad languages in its writing of language
styles. This story is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents
are
a
product
of
the
author’s
soniaa.blogspot.com)
5
imagination.
(http://asonia12-
DARREN R. HAWKINS
THESIS
By:
FRENTY MAHARINI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
AN ANALYSIS OF BAD LANGUAGE FOUND IN “12 STEPS” NOVEL BY
DARREN R. HAWKINS
THESIS
By:
FRENTY MAHARINI
09360182
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
AN ANALYSIS OF BAD LANGUAGE FOUND IN “12 STEPS” NOVEL BY
DARREN R. HAWKINS
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
FRENTY MAHARINI
09360182
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
MOTTO
Sesungguhnya beserta kesukaran ada
kemudahan
(QS: Al-Insirakh:6)
No one will never lie to you, no one will not be
possible to betray you. Believe in your self!
DEDI CATED
This is proudly dedicat ed t o Allah SW T, my
beloved f amily (Bapak, I bu, Reza and Rio), My
close f riends (Rendi, W ak sus, Nunun, Lena and
t he ot hers). Thanks f or t he support s and
mot ivat ions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL .............................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ....................................................................................
ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................
iv
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ................................................................
1
1.2
Statement of Problems ....................................................................
4
1.3
Purpose of the Study.......................................................................
4
1.4
Scope and Limitation......................................................................
4
1.5
Significance of Study .....................................................................
5
1.6
Definition of Key Terms.................................................................
5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Language and Society.....................................................................
6
2.2
Sociolinguistic ................................................................................
7
2.3
Language and Varieties ..................................................................
7
2.3.1 Idiolect ...............................................................................
8
2.3.2 Dialect ................................................................................
8
2.3.2.1 Social Dialect…………………………………….…
2.3.2.2 Regional Dialect………………………………….
8
9
2.3.3 Style ...................................................................................
9
2.3.4 Register ..............................................................................
9
Bad Language ................................................................................
10
2.4.1 Slang ..................................................................................
10
2.4.2 Taboo .................................................................................
11
2.4.1 Swearing .............................................................................
11
2.4.2 Vulgar ................................................................................
11
Meaning in Language .....................................................................
12
2.5.1 Denotation and Sense ..........................................................
12
2.5.2 Lexical and Structural Meaning ..........................................
12
2.5.1 Categorematic and Syncategorematic Expression ................
12
2.6
Bad Language in literature..............................................................
13
2.7
Novel .............................................................................................
13
2.8
12 Steps Novel ...............................................................................
14
2.4
2.5
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design .............................................................................
15
3.2
Research Approach ........................................................................
16
3.2.1 Mimetic Approach ..............................................................
16
3.2.2 Pragmatic Approach ...........................................................
16
3.2.3 Expressive Approach ..........................................................
16
3.2.4 Objective Approach ............................................................
16
Research Object ............................................................................
17
3.3
3.4
Data Collection ..............................................................................
17
3.5
Data Analysis .................................................................................
17
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Research Finding ............................................................................
18
4.1.1 The Kinds of Bad Language used in 12 Steps Novel ...........
18
4.1.1.1 Vulgar .....................................................................
19
4.1.1.2 Taboo ......................................................................
23
4.1.1.3 Swearing .................................................................
26
4.1.2 The Meaning of Bad Language in 12 Steps Novel ...............
29
4.2
Discussion ......................................................................................
33
4.3
Lesson ............................................................................................
35
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
Conclusion .....................................................................................
37
5.2
Suggestions ....................................................................................
38
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Andersson, Lars. Trudgill, Petter. 1990. Bad Languange. USA: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Ary, Donald. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education, Seventh Edition. USA:
Thomson Wadsworth.
Doyle, Terrace. M. 2006. Teaching “Bad Language in Serious and Systematic
Manner. Proceedings of the CATESOL State Conference.
Fromkin, Victoria. Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to
Language Seventh Edition. USA:Thomson Wadsworth.
Kearns, Kate.2000. Modern Linguistics, Semantics.USA: ST. Martin’s Press LLC
Kennedy, XJ.1983. Literature, an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, (3rd
Ed.). Toronto: Little Broen and Company.
Macmillan. 1984. Appreciating Literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing
Company.
Marjohan, Asril. 1988. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta Depdikbud
Longman: Dictionary of American English. 2000. New York: Pearson Education.
Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary of The English: Third Edition. 1983. New York:
Oxford University Express
Sari, Nirmala. 1988. An Introduction to Linguistic. Jakarta: Depdikbud.
Trask, R.L. 1999. Key Concept in Language and Linguistic. New York: Routladge.
Trudgill, Peter. 1983. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and
Society.London:Penguin Books.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. UK: Blackwell
Publishing.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1977. Introduction to Linguistics. USA. Mc. Graw Hill.
Yule, George. 1986. The Study of Language. UK. Cambridge University Press.
http://asonia12-soniaa.blogspot.com. Accessed on Saturday, 11th May 2013 at 06.00
am.
http://www.noswearing.com. Accesed on Friday,1st November 2013 at 06.00 am
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses about background of the study, statement of problems,
purposes of study, significance of study, scope and limitation, and definition of key
terms.
1.1 Background of Study
Language is an important means of social life. It has many functions; to
communicate each other, to show the one’s mind, and to express the human needs.
By the language, people can transfer and show their feelings, thoughts, ideas, emotion
to another and they use a language to get information from others. Trudgill has stated
that language is also related to act of starting or creating and keeping relationship
with other people. It is not only important to a communication verbally and a tool of
informing something (1983). So, it can be imagined how necessary language is.
When humans are born, they will have their own language, become a part of
the society, and they will interact and communicate with their society. It shows that
language and society cannot be separated. The study about the relationship between
language and society is called sociolinguistic. In other words, sociolinguistic is the
study of language deeply by knowing more about the society.
Language variation is one of the main discussions in the study of
sociolinguistics. Language variations are not only as a sign of differentiating its
speech community but also as a reflection of purposes, topics, norms, and mode of
1
language. Language has many variations, because every country and district has their
own language. Then, it becomes larger by the new generation who creates a new
language. Besides, there are formal and informal languages in every society. One of
language variations that is classified as an informal language in society is bad
language.
Bad language is sounds, words, phrases or terms, that are used for certain
purposes that may be dangerous to be used (Andersson and Trudgill, 1990). Bad
language is usually used to express the strong emotion, disappointed, anger, dislike,
and etc. It is also used to abuse somebody else. But, bad language is natural and
common language for some community or society which usually uses that language.
Sometimes it can be amusing and friendly. Slang and swearing as the kinds of bad
language can be used to make closer relationship. Swearing is a type of language that
is used: (a) refer to something taboo in a given culture, (b) to be interpreted nonliterally and (c) used to express strong emotions and attitudes (Andersson and
Trudgill, 1990:53). For example, a boss uses swearing when he is talking to a young
employee who often goes to the bathroom with the sentence, “get your ass in gear!”
to make a joke. It is often taken as a friendly gesture to be one of many ways to show
solidarity. Then, slang is a part of casual and informal styles of language (Sari, 1988).
As well as the following example of slang, “Dinosaur” that means too old, someone
uses the words to tell his friend who not excited so make laughs and amuses him.
Other kinds of language variation that can be categorized as bad language are taboo
and vulgar. According to Anderson and Trudgill (1990), taboo is defined as the words
that are related to sex, religion, parts of body, body functions, ethnic groups, food,
2
dirt and death. Afterwards, Jay (in Doyle, 2006:3) classifies that vulgar is coarse;
morally crude, lacking in cultivation, unsophisticated, under-educated, or relating to
common people, not necessarily obscene, taboo, bad or evil, but they just reflect the
crudeness of “street language”.
Some of bad languages have already existed from long time ago. Then the
development occurs when the new generations create it. Every language in society
will develop larger and some of them are included in bad language. One of the ways
to know about the real language used by society is by reading a novel which shows
about the real language, activity, culture and habits of a society. Actually, the
language that is used by the author also describes the character and the situation in the
story.
“Novel is a book - length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense
that, while we read our experience will actual life” (Kennedy, 1983:180). As an
imaginative literature, novel has long been the favorite of the writers and readers. In
fact, novel is presented to give entertainment and information about daily life to the
reader.
“12 Steps” novel is written by Darren R. Hawkins in 2008. It is a novel about
addiction, recovery, and the social cost of substance abuse treatment. This novel tells
about a man named Ray who is drug addicts and alcoholics. Ray had done a number
of things for which he was not proud, he gets many failures and he must do
redemption to his mistakes. This is a story about the time when Ray must face “The
Federal Law” and pass an abuse treatment. He met to other characters in the story.
This is an emotion novel. In this novel, the conversations are using informal diction
3
and many bad languages. By reading that novel will be known how “bad language”
used by the “12 Steps” novel characters. The writer choose this novel because it used
a lot of bad language that are used by the characters to communicate each others.
Besides, the characters used bad language in most of their conversation to express
their feeling.
1.2 Statements of Problem
Based on the background of the study, the researcher formulates the
statements of problems as follow:
1. What kinds of bad languages are found in “12 Steps” novel?
2. What are the meanings of bad languages found in “12 Steps” novel?
1.3 Purposes of Study
Related to the problems above, the researcher has purposes as follows:
1. To find out kinds of bad languages found in “12 Steps” novel.
2. To know the meaning of the slang found in “12 Steps” novel.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
The scope this study is focused on bad languages in Novel. Moreover, this
study limits the investigation only in bad languages used by the characters in “12
Steps” novel.
4
1.5 Significance of Study
First, the result of the study is expected to give contribution to the readers to
develop their knowledge about bad language and its meaning. This is also important
for the students who learn about sociolinguistic especially on the bad language.
Second, the result of this study is expected to be used as reference for the teachers
who want to teach their students about bad language. Finally, the result of this study
is also expected to give contribution to the next researchers who want to analyze
about bad language from the novel.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
There are several key terms, which are clarified in this study. The researcher
defines the key terms as follows:
1. Analysis is examination of something by dividing into parts (Longman
Dictionary, 2000:14)
2. Bad language is sounds, words, phrases or terms, that are used for certain
purposes that may be dangerous to be used (Andersson and Trudgill, 1990:4).
3. Novel is a book - length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense
that, while we read our experience will actual life (Kennedy, 1983:180).
4. 12 Steps is the title of novel that uses bad languages in its writing of language
styles. This story is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents
are
a
product
of
the
author’s
soniaa.blogspot.com)
5
imagination.
(http://asonia12-