An Analysis Of Figurative Expressions Depicted In The Book Three Of The New Testament

AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS DEPICTED IN

THE BOOK THREE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

A THESIS

BY

TUTI NAINGGOLAN

REG.NO . 110721001

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2013

AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS DEPICTED IN THE BOOK THREE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

A THESIS

BY

TUTI NAINGGOLAN REG.NO. 110721001

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. H. Syaron Lubis, MA Drs. H. marzaini Manday, MSPD

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Departement of English

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

Approve by the Departement of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, secretary,

Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Departement of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Departement of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University Sumatera Utara on July 31st 2013

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syaron Lubis,MA NIP. 19511013 1976031 1001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Syaron Lubis, M.A ………

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ……….

Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum ………

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I TUTI NAINGGOLAN DECLARES THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHORS OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THE THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : TUTI NAINGGOLAN

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS DEPICTED IN

THE BOOK THREE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCREATION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

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ABSTRACT

This study entitled An Analysis of Figurative Expressions Depicted in The Book Three of The New Testament. In this thesis are an analysis about meanings is non-literal meaning which is including sentences and idioms in the Holy Bible especially which heve wrote one of Paul’s disciples is Luke (write with the entitled Luke). The purpose of the study is to find out the type kinds of sentences including of non-literal meaning in The Book Three of The New Testament and to describe the implied of meanings from thaso sentences, and than to inform the dominats of kinds of non-literal meaning stated in The Book Three of The New Testament. The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method. These are kinds of sentences and idioms meanings which are analyzed metaphor, personification, hyperbole, irony, simile, synecdoche, and metonymy. Every data will analyzed according to the rule of analysis and the end will took conclusion that the dominat of figurative meanings in this book is kinds of metaphor, there are 25 cases or 42.3%, and the second is personification 10 cases or 16.9%, simile with 8 cases or 13.5%, irony with 7 cases or 11.8%, hyperbole with 4 cases or 6.7%, metonymy with 4 cases or 6.7%, and last is synecdoche with 2 cases or 3.3%.

ABSTRACT

Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Figurative Expressions Depicted in The Book Three of The New Testament” adalah suatu kajian yang menganalisis makna penutur yakni makna non-literal yang terdapat dalam kalimat dan ungkapan dalam Alkitab khususnya yang ditulis oleh salah satu murid Paulus, Lukas (ditulis dengan judul Lukas). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis kalimat yangmengandung makna non-literal dalam Lukas dan mendeskripsikan makna yang tersirat dari kalimat-kalimat tersebut, serta untuk mengetahui jenis makna non- literal apa yang paling banyak terdapat dalam kitab Lukas. Dalam menulis skripsi ini penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif sebagai metode yang dipakai dalam analisis ini. Adapun jenis makna yang dianalisis adalah kalimat dan ungkapan yang mengandung metafora, personifikasi, hiperbola, metonimi, sinekdot, simile, and ironi. Setiap data akan dianalisis sesuai dengan langkah- langkah analisis dan pada akhirnya akan ditarik sebuah kesimpulan akhir yaitu bawa jenis kalimat figurative yang paling banyak terdapat di Lukas adalah jenis metafora, yakni sebanyak 25 kasus atau 42,3%, kemudian personifikasi dengan 10 kasus atau 16,9% , hiperbola dengan 4 kasus atau 6,7%, metonimi dengan 4 kasus atau 6,7%, sinekdot untuk 2 kasus atau 3,3%, simile dengan 8 kasus atau 13,5% dan yang terakhir ironi dengan 7 kasus atau 11,8%.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all,I would like to give my prise and deepest thanks to Jesus Christ for blessing and giving me life ,love, guidance, and strength that I can finish this thesis completely.

I do now realize that it is not an easy thing to write a thesis, it really takes much time and energy, while doing the thesis there are so many problems that I have to deal with. Nevertheless, with the help and support that I got from so many people around, I finally completed this thesis. Therefore, in this chance I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to these following people.

The highest and always the very special gratitude for my beloved parents, M. nainggolan and N. siagian, for their love, support and great attention also the everlasting prayer and love in every single step I take. I am nothing without my parents and my family. The warmest thanks are also devoted to all my sisters and brother k’Lasma Marline Nainggolan, Hetty, Nora, Sevriati, and my the only one brother Mangasi, for your prayer and support.

I also would like to express my great gratitude to my supervisor Dr. H. Syaron Lubis,MA, Drs. Marzaini Manday, MSPd for their advices, suggestion, helps and also their valuable time given to me during the process of writing this thesis. I also would like to thank to all the lectures of English department.

I do not forget too, to thank the dean of the Faculty of Cultural Studies USU, Dr. H. Syaron Lubis,MA, the head of English Departement Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar,MS, and the secretary Dr. Hj. Nurlela,M.Hum for all academics and administrative helps given to me during the period of my study in the faculty.

For all my friends in extention class of 2011, thanks for the nice friendship and I hope we will share our friendship forever. I love you all and may God bless you all.

The writer

TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... iii

ABSTRACT……….. v

TABLE OF CONTENT………... vi

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis……….. 1

1.2 Problem of the Analysis……… 5

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis……… 5

1.4 Scope of the Analysis………... 6

1.5 Significance of Analysis………... 6

CHAPTER II: R E V I E W R E L A T E D L I T E R A T U R E 2.1 Semantics Theory……….. 7

2.2 Scope of Semantics……….. 9

2.2.1 Meaning………. 9

2.2.2 The Varieties of Meaning……….. 11

2.2.3 Sense and Reference………. 13

2.3 Goals of Semantic Theory………. 15

2.4 Figurative Expression………... 15

3.1 Research Design……… 22

3.2 Data Collecting Method……… 23

3.3 Data Analyzing Method……… 23

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Data Findings………. 25

4.2 Analysis……….. 35

4.3 Findings………. 63

5.1 Conclusions……….. 64

5.2 Suggestions……….. 65

REFERENCES 2.4.2 Kinds of Figurative Expression……… 16

2.4.2.1 Metaphor……….. 16

2.4.2.2 Personification……….. 17

2.4.2.3 Hyperbole………... 18

2.4.2.4 Metonymy……… 18

2.4.2.5 Synecdoche……….. 19

2.4.2.6 Simile……… 20

2.4.2.7 Irony………. 21

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD

ABSTRACT

This study entitled An Analysis of Figurative Expressions Depicted in The Book Three of The New Testament. In this thesis are an analysis about meanings is non-literal meaning which is including sentences and idioms in the Holy Bible especially which heve wrote one of Paul’s disciples is Luke (write with the entitled Luke). The purpose of the study is to find out the type kinds of sentences including of non-literal meaning in The Book Three of The New Testament and to describe the implied of meanings from thaso sentences, and than to inform the dominats of kinds of non-literal meaning stated in The Book Three of The New Testament. The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method. These are kinds of sentences and idioms meanings which are analyzed metaphor, personification, hyperbole, irony, simile, synecdoche, and metonymy. Every data will analyzed according to the rule of analysis and the end will took conclusion that the dominat of figurative meanings in this book is kinds of metaphor, there are 25 cases or 42.3%, and the second is personification 10 cases or 16.9%, simile with 8 cases or 13.5%, irony with 7 cases or 11.8%, hyperbole with 4 cases or 6.7%, metonymy with 4 cases or 6.7%, and last is synecdoche with 2 cases or 3.3%.

ABSTRACT

Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Figurative Expressions Depicted in The Book Three of The New Testament” adalah suatu kajian yang menganalisis makna penutur yakni makna non-literal yang terdapat dalam kalimat dan ungkapan dalam Alkitab khususnya yang ditulis oleh salah satu murid Paulus, Lukas (ditulis dengan judul Lukas). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis kalimat yangmengandung makna non-literal dalam Lukas dan mendeskripsikan makna yang tersirat dari kalimat-kalimat tersebut, serta untuk mengetahui jenis makna non- literal apa yang paling banyak terdapat dalam kitab Lukas. Dalam menulis skripsi ini penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif sebagai metode yang dipakai dalam analisis ini. Adapun jenis makna yang dianalisis adalah kalimat dan ungkapan yang mengandung metafora, personifikasi, hiperbola, metonimi, sinekdot, simile, and ironi. Setiap data akan dianalisis sesuai dengan langkah- langkah analisis dan pada akhirnya akan ditarik sebuah kesimpulan akhir yaitu bawa jenis kalimat figurative yang paling banyak terdapat di Lukas adalah jenis metafora, yakni sebanyak 25 kasus atau 42,3%, kemudian personifikasi dengan 10 kasus atau 16,9% , hiperbola dengan 4 kasus atau 6,7%, metonimi dengan 4 kasus atau 6,7%, sinekdot untuk 2 kasus atau 3,3%, simile dengan 8 kasus atau 13,5% dan yang terakhir ironi dengan 7 kasus atau 11,8%.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Figure of speech is a beneficial wealth of language, used to various thing to get certain effects. Figure of speech can also be explained as features of a literary works of letters and exclusive way to convey their idea and feeling, directly or indirectly. Speaking of figure of speech is not separated from the meanings of words or group of words. As we know meanings are devided into two parts literal and non-literal meaning (figurative expression). Literal meaning refers the words that do not deviate from their defined meaning or words in literal expressions denote

what they mean according to common or dictionary usage. Examples:

1. To eat is to put something into mouth

The words of eat does not have non-literal meaning

2. My brother drinks milk every morning to make him healthy

In the word drink there is no a non-literal meaning 3. The price of black goat is very expensive

The literal meaning is the black goat which is black in colour.

Non-literal meaning (figurative expression) means that they are different from the real meaning of the word. The words in figurative expressions connote— they add layers of meaning.

Example:

Every night, the moon comes by just to say good night to me.

This sentence does not mean that the moon has legs to come and talk by saying good night but the speaker wants to say that the moon always shines every night as the sign for me to sleep.

Non-literal meaning includes figure of speech or figurative expression. Beckson & Ganz (1975: 80) state “Figurative language is language which makes use of certain devices called figure of speech”. Figurative language used as the techniques for comparing dissimilar object, to achieve effects beyond the range of literal language. Semantics is a branch of linguistics that talks about meaning in language. Considering that language is a tool to conveying the meaning, it means that when we study a language we also study about the meaning automatically. Semantics also becomes the centre of science of communication which is very important and crusial whereas need to understanding of meaning more deep. As explained in the beginning that meaning of words are devided into two parts that to is connote and to denote meaning. In this case, figurative expression is an object that the writer will analyze. It is because in figurative expression (non-literal meaning), the listener often feels confused and hard to understand what the speaker means from his words, because the figurative expression hides behind in the literal meaning. When a listerner listens to something different from the literal meaning this is said figurative expression (non-literal meaning).

In daily life we often listen to various meanings from the real utterances. So, in this case we will find something different in speaking or writing. There are some common kinds of figure of speech; they are hyperbole, an exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true.

Irony, an expression of meaning which is contradictory to the stated one.

Example: The Jesus said to his disciples: “Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat, or about your body, what you will wear. Life is more than food, and the body more than clothes.”

This verse has two sentences which is different in meaning. Figuratively, the first sentence taught us not to worry about our life while the second sentence shows us the standard of our life. The standard of our life is more than food and the body is more than clothes. But in the first sentence it is said that we should not to worry about anything. That is why this data belongs to irony.

Example: Each tree is recognized by its own fruit. People do not pick figs from thornbushes, or grapes from briers.

The word ‘fruit’ is compared with behavior of a man. Literally this verse means that by seeing the fruit we know what kinds of tree it is. Similar to human life, attitude or behavior of someone reflect the characteristics of him. So we know his character from how he acts and how he speaks.

Personification, a figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object.

Example: Jesus said to him, “Let the dead bury their own dead, but you go and proclaim the kingdom of God.”

It is impossible that dead can bury their own dead. Because the meaning of ‘dead’ is plants, animals, person no longer which is not alive. The non-literal meaning of this statement is ‘which means a man who is dead never become alive, human do not have spare of breath. So, if a man is dead he automatically man alive which is bury him. Literally meaning is, if you want to be God’s disciple you must ready every time, every second not care about your situation example: when your mother/father dead, when God say ‘follow Me’ you must want.

Simile is used to compare two different things which are regarded as the same. Explicitly signed with words ‘like’ or ‘as’.

Example: “Woe to you, because you are like unmarked graves, which man walk over without knowing it. ”

This verse describes about prophets teaching which is wrong. It is said ‘unmarked graves’. We can imagine how scare it is. For example if we die one day and we do not have a mark in our graves surely, our graves will walk of human. Non-literal mean that we are must have identities in the world, about faith we should knows who we should prise, who had created us. If we do not know who we are, we like unmarked graves.

Example: If someone strikes you on one check, turn to him the other also

This sentence is a command and suggestion for us to let our cheek be slapped by another. As we know, ‘cheek’ is a part of our body. Figuratively, it represents not only the right or left cheek, but includes the whole part of our body. So this verse means whatever from our body that is hit by another, we should not to resist him. This is an analysis from synecdoche terms.

Metonymy, the name of thing is substituted for another closely associated with it. Example: For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.

The word ‘heart’ literary means the part of body where the feelings and emotions are thought to be. Then if we analyze the motion of ‘heart’ in this case metonymically, it means thought and affections. Here, the meaning of ‘heart’ which is ‘thought’ is an attribute associated with the feelings.

In daily life it, is very important to understand and to distinguish the literal meaning and non-literal meaning, because, by this way we are able to avoid misunderstanding when we are communicating to others. Someone who does not understand about the non-literal meaning will find trouble when talking to others. So in this thesis, the writer tries to analyze about figurative expression (non-literal meaning) as an object of analysis, because I believe that this object is important enough to more understand it will be useful for society to keep a good communication with surroundings.

The source of the data in this thesis is taken from The Holy Bible. The Holy Bible is the holy book used by Christian people as a means to convey God’s message. The Holy Bible consists of two big parts, they are The Old Testament and The New Testament. The Old Testament contains 39 books written from approximately 1500 to 400 BC. It tells about the life journey of Israel before the birth of Jesus Christ. The New Testament contains 27 books written from approximately 40 to 90 AD. It told about God’s promise to forgive the sin of His race from their sins by giving His son, Jesus Christ. As we know when cristians read this holy book they find problems to understand the non-literal meaning in it. This is one of the reasons of writer to choose these as the object to analyze.

In this thesis, the writer analyzed only one book from Holy Bible is: Book Three in The New Testament (Luke). Luke the third book of the New Testament. This book explains about an account of the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. It details HIS story from the event of HIS birth to HIS ascension. Luke book contains important advice and guidance for life. This book also was written in a unique style of writing and contains some figurative of speech also the writer love is and interested in analyzing this object. And must we remember that this is the only object of analysis as a key to get graduation. Another reason for choosing the data from the Book Three in The New Testament because it is interesting and the writer wants to know the interpretation of meaning between the literal and non-literal contained in that it Holy Book so that can be applied in our life. And for society by reading this thesis later, this is enable them to improve new knowledge especially abou figurative expression (non-literal meaning).

1.2 Problems of the Study

This analysis is a study of semantics, which focuses on the use of the non-literal meaning found in the Holy Bible. In this case the text that is being analyzed book Three of The New Testament. In this analysis, the writer has some questions as the problem of the analysis:

a. What kinds of figurative expressions are found in Book Three of The new Testament?

b. What are the literal meanings of the figurative expressions found in Book Three of The new Testament?

c. What are the frequencies of the figurative expression in Book Three of The New Testament ?

1.3 Objectives of the study

Related to the problems of the study, the objectives of this analysis are: a. To find out the types of figurative expressions in Luke of Book Three.

b. To describe the literal meanings of the figurative expressions in Luke of Book Three.

c. To find out the frequency of figurative expression used in Book Three of The New Testament.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The writer limited the scope to obtain a clear and detailed picture of the matter that is being analyzed. In this book there are 11 pages, 24 sections and has 1151 verses There are various figurative expressions found in the literally works, but in this thesis the scope of the analysis is only the text which have figurative expressions in Book Three of the new Testament. And the types of figurative expressions which was analyzed in this thesis are simile, metaphor, hyperbole, metonymy, personification, synecdoche, and irony.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study can be useful for improving knowledge of the writer in interpreting the text to understand the real meaning of the Bible. Practically this thesis is expected to contribute something useful to the readers whose major is language in terms of semantics, especially in non-literal meaning. Eventhough the data that they will analyze are different from those in thesis. It also can be used as their review of related literature or as the basic to analyze in semantics’ point of view.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Semantic Theory

One of the insight of modern linguistics is that speakers of a language have different types of linguistics knowledge, including how to pronounce words, how to construct sentences, and about the meaning of individual words and sentences. To reflect this, linguistics description has different level of analysis. One of them is in giving the meaning of linguistics expressions we should establish definitions of the meanings of words. Semantics is commonly defined as the study of meaning communicated through language. The word semantics comes from the Greek word,

Semantikos mean “significant”, Semainein mean “to show”, “signify” or “indicated by a sign”; from Sema means “sign”.

The concept of semantics has been used until the 20th century as can be evident from ‘The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English’, published in 1972, which defines semantics ‘branch of philosophy concerned with (changes in) the meaning of words’. It is also interesting to know that their dictionary has classified semantics into plural nouns, so has linguistics

The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, and paraphrased.

Regarding the term semantics, let us see some definitions of semantics by some linguists below:

1. Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language Semantics is a mayor branch linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language (Crystal, 1980:315)

2. Semantics is the study of word meanings and the ways in which words are related to one another lexicon in our mental (Gleason, 1998:13)

3. Semantics is the study of meaning. It concerned with what the sentence and other linguistics objects express, not with the arrangements of their syntactic parts of their pronunciation (J.J Katz, 1972:1)

Leech (1974:ix) says, “Semantics is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing. Semantics is also at the centre of the study of human mind-thought process, cognition and conceptualization”. In conveying the meaning within communication, there are usually different perceptions and views from the listeners. We have to know the speaker’s intent and the context of utterance in order to avoid misunderstanding. It means that semantic analysis become more complicated than attaching definitions to linguistic expressions.

Modern linguistics assumes that when a speaker combines words to form sentences according to the grammatical rules of his language, the word definitions are combined to form phrase and then sentence definitions, giving us the meanings of sentences. In attaching the definitions of words, we will be faced with 3 problems. The first is the problem of circularity. If the definitions of word meaning are given in words, the process might never end. How can we state the meaning of a word, except in other words, either in the same or a different language? Then, a second problem is how to make sure that our definitions of a word’s meaning are exact. If we ask where the meanings of words exist, the answer must be in the mind of native speakers of the language. So, what should we do if we find that speakers of a language differ in their understanding of what a word means ? Whose knowledge should we pick as our ‘meaning’ ? The third problem comes from looking at what particular utterances mean in context. If features of context are part of an utterance’s meaning then how can we include them in our definitions ? These three issues show that our definitions theory is too simple to do what we want.

2.2 Scope of Semantics

There is no very general agreement either about the nature of meaning or about the way in which it should be described. Semantics is the study of the linguistics meaning. It is not concerned with what sentences and other linguistics object expressed. It is not concerned with the arrangements of syntactic parts, or with their pronunciation. Semantic could cover more extensive areas, from structure and function of language as well as the interrelationship with other discipline.

There are two way major approaches to the way in which meaning in language is studied. The first is linguistics approach. The students of language or linguists have been long interested in the way in which meaning in a language structured. There have been studies of meanings of words and the semantic structure of sentences. Some of them also have distinguished between types of meanings in the language. The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated the relation between linguistics expression, such as the words of language and person, things and events in the world to which these words refer.

Although there may be different approaches to semantics, these three basic terms seem to be widely mentioned in each of these approaches, i.e. meaning, varieties of meaning, and sense and reference.

2.2.1 Meaning

Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning and this is the definition that we will provisionally adopt. The principal of semantics is what is to be understood by ‘meaning’. It has been customary for semanticists to emphasize the fact that the noun ‘meaning’ and the verb to ‘mean’ themselves have many distinguishable meanings. Some idea of the range of their meanings may be obtained from a consideration of the following sentences :

(1) What is the meaning of ‘philosophy’ ?

The word meaning as a noun in this sentence. According to the circumstances in which this question is asked, the kind of word philosophy is and the context in which it is being employed. We should expect the answer to this question to differ, not only in detail, but even in general type.

(2) Dark clouds mean rain

Certain of the meanings can be distinguished by the technique of substituting other words in the same context and enquiring whether the resulting sentences are equivalent. The verb mean in sentence above can be substituted with sign without changing the total meaning of the sentence.

(3) He means well, but rather clumsy (4) My father rarely means what he says

The notion of intention seems to be relevant also to our understanding of both sentences above, though each use of verb mean here appears to be somewhat different from the others and the substitution of intend for mean might be held to effect some change in the meaning of the sentences. If the sentence (3) implies that he is well-intentioned, that he intends no harm but just a little bit nervous, the sentence (4) implies that the father has no intends to say something clearly.

From examples above we can see the variations meaning of meaning. C.K.Ogden and I.A.Richards in their book “The Meanings of Meaning” which is quoted by Crystal (1987:100) introduces some meanings of meaning. They are constructed in some sentences :

(5) Maya means to go now. Means: intends (6) A red light means stop. Means: indicates

(7) You mean everything to me. Means: has important (8) His face is look of meaning. Meaning: special import

(9) What is the meaning of being your wife ? Meaning: point, purpose

2.2.2The Varieties of Meaning

Language is used for various activities and purposes in social life. The function of language is not solely to provide information to hearers and readers. Studying a language without the reference of meaning is like studying a road sign from the point of view of the physical properties (how much the weight, what is the color, how big the sign is, and so on), not studying the implicit meaning of the sign.

Geoffrey Leech (1981) notes seven varieties of meaning. They are as

follow:

1. Conceptual meaning is logical, cognitive, or denotative content. For example the word MAN has the following denotative, cognitive, or logical content as HUMAN, MALE, ADULT

2. Connotative meaning is what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. For example, the word BOY has the connotation ‘STRONG’ and LION the connotation ‘CRUEL’.

3. Social meaning, is what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. For example, HOME, RESIDENCE, ABODE, and DOMICILE can have the same conceptual meaning, but they convey the different social circumstances of their use.

4. Affective meaning is what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer. For example, if you are getting someone to go from your room, you might say “I’m terrible sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to leave me alone in this room”.

5. Reflected meaning is what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. For example, it has become increasingly difficult to use terms like gozaimas, gambattekudasai,

konichiwa, and sushi without conjuring up their Japanese associations.

6. Collocative meaning is what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. For example, BEAUTIFUL collocates WOMAN while HANDSOME collocates MAN.

7. Thematic meaning is what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order, focus, and emphasis. For example,

a. The MNC Group donated insurance to Oktavianus Maniani as the best player of the year.

b. Oktavianus Maniani was donated insurance by The MNC Group as the best player of the year.

In this thesis, the writer used theory of meaning in general based on Siregar (1922) said. There are two kinds of meaning in semantics; they are Linguistic meaning and Speaker meaning. Linguistic meaning is meaning of expression in some form of the language. The linguistics meaning is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations.

For example :

a. Be careful of a sharp bend in the road b. Please don’t bend this paper

c. He try to bend every effort to be a champion

In those examples, the bend has more than one linguistics meaning based on the dictionary.

Speaker meaning is what a speaker means in producing an utterance. It consists of literal meaning and non-literal meaning. When we speak clearly without any interpretation from the hearer, it is called literal meaning. By using literal meaning, it is not difficult to understand what the speaker means by saying the words. To make it clear, they constructed as follows:

a. We are English Literature Student b. Would you help me, please ? c. I am finishing my thesis now d. How are you ?

All the sentences above are clear to understand. We do not need to think a lot to understand what the speaker meaning. Those sentences are very common to us. Sometimes we mean something different from what our words mean. In other words, we sometimes speak non-literally. If we are speaking non-literally it is called non-literal meaning. There are several ways of speaking non-literally. First is using idiom. Idiom is a group of words with set meaning that cannot be calculated by adding up the separate meaning of the parts. The meaning of an idiomatic expression cannot be predicted either lexically or grammatically. Another way of speaking non-literally is by using the figure of speech. They are described by a large set rhetorical terms, such as facetious , exaggerated, and figurative ways.

2.2.3 Sense and Reference

Words other than proper names both have a meaning and can be used to refer to things or objects. The reference of a word is the object designated, while the sense of a word is the additional meaning. On the other hand Palmer (1976:30) defines reference and sense as follows:

“Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistics elements, words, sentence, etc. And the non-linguistics world of experience. Sense relates to

the complex system of relationships that hold between linguistics elements themselves (mostly the words); it is concerned only with intra-linguistics relaions.”

Reference is the relation between words and entities which is being talked about in the world of experience. For example, the word ‘sunglasses’ has a certain meaning, an outer covering eye from the sunshine, typically made of plastic. In addition, the word ‘sunglasses’ also posseses a characteristic which is known as “reference”, that is the ability of the word ‘sunglasses’ to refer to a certain kind of protective item for eye.

Sense relationships also form an important part of the study of a language. A word or lexeme does not merely ‘have’ meaning; it contributes to the meaning of the larger until, a phrase, clause or sentence. For example, the sense of the word ‘library’ in these two following examples is different:

a. VJ. Daniel always checks his wardrobe. (wardrobe means a collection of dresses)

b. The wardrobe is at the corner of the mall. (wardrobe means a room where dresses are organized and sold )

The difference between sense and reference can be described from what Hurford (1980) states :

“Every expression that has meaning has sense, but not every expression has reference”

The explanation from statement above is by these examples; ‘I love rose ’ and ‘I love Rose’. From the examples above, both examples refer to a certain thing. Although they have the same sentence, but actually the sense is different. The phrase ‘I love rose’ describes ‘rose is one kind of flower’ and ‘I love Rose’ describes ‘Rose as a name of certain girl’.

The referent of an expression is often a thing or person in the world. Whereas the sense of an expression is not a thing at all. The sense of expression is an

abstraction, but it is helpful to note that it is an abstraction that can be entertained in the mind of language user.

2.3 Goals of Semantic Theory

There are two questions which must be answered concerning with the goals of semantics theory; what should a semantics theory do and how should it do it?

A semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language which the semantics properties and relations. The answer to the second question is that a semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:

a. A semantics theory of naural language should be finite; people are capable of storing only a finite amount of information but they nevertheless learn the semantics of natural language

b. A semantics theory of natural language should reflect the fact, except for idioms, expressions are compositional. This means that their meaning is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations.

2.4 Figurative Expressions

2.4.1 Definition of Figurative Expressions

As had described above, there are two kinds of meaning in speaker point of view. They are literal meaning and non-literal meaning. In this thesis, the writer just took the non-literal aspect as the main object. One way of speaking non-literally is figure of speech or figurative expressions. Bekson and Ganz (1957:80) state, “Figurative language is language which makes use of certain devices called ‘figure of speech’, most of which are techniques for comparing dissimilar objects, to achieve effects beyond the range of literal language”.

Figurative expressions are a rhetorical form of how to use words in speaking or writing to convince or persuade the audience. Figurative expressions are used to

assure, persuade, motivate, encourage and fascinate the audience. It is a powerful rhetoric tool to clarify meaning, to provide vivid examples, to emphasize ideas, to stimulate associations and emotions, to ornament sentences and to amuse audience.

Figurative language serves to make ideas and meanings more vivid and alive. For example,

a. My hair ‘stood on end’. It conveys the meaning of great fear.

b. Her feelings were all ‘bottled up’. It means that they were kept under control.

c. At the end of the year, the fabric gives the ‘fruits’ of labor to all the employees. The ‘fruit’ refers to the profit, reward, or result of hard work.

d. Looking at his man have dinner with another girl, she becomes ‘green with envy’. It means that she is so jealous.

2.4.3 Kinds of Figurative Expressions

There are more than 10 kinds of figurative expressions but the types that are going to be explained are metaphor, personification, hyperbole, metonymy, synecdoche, simile, and irony.

2.4.2.1Metaphor

Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a name or quality is attributed to something to which it is not literally applicable. (New Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus:628).

According to Tracey (1980:64), “metaphor is the use of words to indicate something different from the literal meanings”.

The word metaphor was derived from Greek word; metaphora meaning ‘transfer, carry over’. It is a derivation from meta meaning ‘over, across’ and

phereinmeaning ‘to carry’. From those definitions above, the writer come to theconclusion that metaphor the use of words as comparison between two unlike objects by substitute or identified one for another with omitted using ‘like’ or ‘as’ Let us see some examples of metaphor to explain the definition above:

The boy weighed a ton.

This sentence does not mean that the boy has the weight 1 ton. It is impossible for a boy, or even for human being has a weight upper to 1000 kilograms. The sentence means that the boy is so fat. It’s so heavy to pick him up.

They are withered yellow flowers

The metaphorical meaning of phrase withered yellow flowers is an analogy to its literal meaning ‘flowers that can not grow well because they are almost dead’. So, the metaphorical meaning of this sentence is that they can not develop their career or life because it is so difficult.

2.4.2.2 Personification

As Shaw (1972:283) says, “Personification is a figure of speech in whish abstraction, animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are having human form, character, traits or sensibilities.” It means that personification is the treating of an abstract quality of thing as if it had human qualities. It is a representation of a thing or abstraction in the format of person.

For example, “The leaves danced when the wind blew”. Literally, the sentence means that the leaves move up and doing human activities. Figuratively, the sentence means that the leaves sway when the wind blew.

Here, the dish and the spoon as the inanimate object are depicted as human. Literally, it implies that the dish and the spoon run away or doing human activity. Figuratively, the sentence is an idiom means that the supper or eating activity runs well and all the menus are eaten.

2.4.2.3Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech which greatly exaggerates the truth. (New Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus: 476).

The word hyperbole is derived from Greek language, that is hyper means ‘over’ and ballien means ‘to throw’. In other words means that hyperbole wants to emphasize a point with a statement which containing overstatements. The speaker usually speaks exaggerative because he wants to emphasize something. For example, “Her crying is heard until to the seventh sky”, it seems impossible for someone’s crying sound is heard until the seventh sky. At last, to be heard by all around this world, is quite impossible. We called it exaggeration. The emphasis is very strong so the language is out of the truth, It means the speaker does not mean what the words mean.

Another example of hyperbole, “I have not seen him for centuries.” Literally, the sentence means that the person has a long life until his age 100 years old. The sentence exaggerates the feeling of a person toward his friends. Figuratively, it means that the person really lose his friend for a long time

2.4.2.4Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object or idea is substituted by another closely associated with it. Metonymy uses a feature closely associated with the main idea rather than being physically part of it. It described from what Eco (1982:91) said, “Metonymy is the substitution of two terms for each other according to a relation of contiguity”. For example, ‘white house’ may refer to America; ‘cendana family’ may remind us to Soeharto.

The following examples will explain the definitions above, here they are: a. Most of the people in Indonesia tried to put away the red

b. Let’s call 911

The phrase red shirt in the first sentence has a speaker meaning. Red shirt

refers to PDI party. PDI party is identical with red. The right interpretation for this sentence is to put away the PDI party. The phrase 911 refers to the publicservice call for American people. If we need a help or if we are in emergency wecan call this number.

2.4.2.5Synecdoche

According to Eco (1982:90), “Synecdoche is a substitution of two terms for each other according to a relation of greater or lesser extension (part of the whole, whole for the part, and so on)”. Synecdoche creates a special kind of metaphor by allowing some part to stand for the whole. Synecdoche is derived from Greek word

synekdechestai, where syn means ‘with’; the word ex means ‘to get out’; and the word dechestai means ‘to take’ or ‘ to receive’. For example, ‘Indonesia won Thomas Cup’. The sentence does not mean all the people of Indonesia but what the speaker means here is only the Badminton team of Indonesia, especially for the men’s team. Thomas Cup is addressed to badminton competition and special for men. It is whole for the part. Whole for Indonesia and part for Badminton team of Indonesia and men.

In this point, we need to remember that synecdoche and metonymy is two different terms. The distinction is that in metonymy, the exchange is made between two related nouns, while in synecdoche, the exchange is made between two related ideas.

2.5.2.6Simile

Simile is a word or phrase that compares something to something other,

using the word like or as (Oxford English Learner’s :1199). In simile, a comparison is made between two different objects which have at least one similar characteristics. The word simile comes from the same Latin word simile, which means ‘like’.

What we have to remember that simile compares two unlike objects like metaphor but with the presence of like or as, unlike metaphor, there is no word like or as. To make it clear, here are the examples:

a. He runs like a leopard

b. Cat’s eyes are like marbles

The first sentence ‘runs like a leopard’ is our focus. As we know, when a leopard runs, it is very fast. Therefore, it is well-known as the fastest animal in the world in running. So the speaker means that he runs so fast. The next sentence does not means that ‘cat’s eyes’ and ‘marbles’ are really alike, but the glassy shine of cat’s eyes reminds of the glassy shine of the marbles.

A simile is not just an ordinary comparison. If someone says, “my father’s car is like your father’s car”, he is not making or using simile. Such comparisons are literal not figurative. A simile must compare two basically unlike things that are found to be alike.

2.4.2.7Irony

Irony is a figurative expression which expresses something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. Gray (1984:108) state, “Irony is a manner of speaking or writing that is dispread through all kinds of literature. Irony consists of saying one thing while it means another.” Irony is a way of speaking or writing in which what is meant is contrary to what the words appear to say.

From definition above, we can conclude that irony means the fact is different from what is said. In daily conversation, we find the used of irony. For example, a when teacher is angry to his students for coming late. He will say “Oh, you are arriving here on time, dear. You should directed by our headmaster”. This sentence does not mean the teacher praise or proud of the students by stating the opposite of what he means. The word ‘on time’ actually refers to its opposite, that is ‘late’. So, the teacher is actually mocking the students by praising them. The other example, someone says, “This room is very clean” when he enters a very dirty room. The word ‘clean’ actually refers to its opposite ‘dirty’. So the speaker does not intend to admire the room, but to mock the condition of the room.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

One of the essential parts in scientific research in analyzing the data is to have a method of analysis. In this thesis the writer apply library research which using written information to support the analysis. As the main object of the analysis, the writer will took the sentences and utterances from book three in The New Testament which contains the figurative expressions.

There are some steps which taken in doing the analysis. First, the writer will collect the data that is the sentences and utterances that contain figurative expressions in The Book three in The New Testament. Then the second step, the writer will analyze the data based on the semantics theory. Finally, the writer will make a general conclusion from the analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The study have conducted with descriptive qualitative approaches.

A qualitative approach is defined as a description of observations which is not ordinarily expressed in quantitative terms. It is not suggested that numerical measures are never used, but that others means of description are emphasized. Nazir (1998:64) says that descriptive method is a method of research that makes the description of the situation of event or occurrence so that this method only performs the mere basic data accumulation. Therefore, descriptive design is a research design which is intended only to describe the variable. The writer choosed this method because this which is very suitable with my analysis. And than figurative expression which I analyzed in this thesis is not discuss or analyzed abot number, account, or the others.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

The source of my data in this thesis is from The Holy Bible The Book Three in The New Testament in The New International Version published by International Bible Society (1984). Arikunto (2002:102) states that population is the whole number of the subjects or people under observation in a research. The population of this analysis is the sentences and utterances from that book which is have specific of characteristic of figurative expression. Sutrisno, (2004:91), said, “dalam purposive sampling, pemilihan sekelompok subjek didasarkan pada ciri-ciri atau sifa-sifat populasi yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya. Purposive sampling didasarkan atas informasi yang mendahului tentang populasi dan informasi ini tidak dapat diragukan lagi.” So in choosing the sample as the data of the analysis I identified every non-literal expression that can be found in the selected sentences to support the analysis. The fifty-nine selected data will provide example for each non-literal meaning expression that will analyzed.

3.3 Data Analyzing Method.

The process of analyzing the data will done in grouping. First of all the whole data from The Book Three in The New Testament as explained before will devided by numbering each expression. The data will identified and classified according to the kinds of each non-literal meaning. For example the first term is about metaphor, so I collected all the example of metaphor from that Book and make it it in group. The same thing will done for other non-literal meaning. And the last it to describe the meaning of each the data.

The analysis of the data will done by one from each group stated before. After all the analysis will provided in the descriptive way by explaining one by one of each non-literal meaning expression found from The Book Three in The New Testament. There some specific characteristics in kinds of figurative expression first, metaphor: the characteristic of metaphor is which a name or descriptive term is applied to a

person or object to which it is not literally applicable thus impliying a comparison in order to show that the two things have same qualities and to make the description more powerful. Second, personification is the practice of representing objects, qualities, etc as human beings, in art and literature. So it seems that inanimate things is alive and act like human beings. Third, simile comparing two different things is that use of words “like,” ”as” .Fourth, hyperbole is a figure of expression, which is an exaggeration. Person often use expression. Fifth, metonymy consisting of use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it is an attribute or with it is associated. Six, irony meaning dissimulation of feigned ignorance is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or situation in which there is a sharp incongruity or discordance that goes beyond the simple and evident intention of words or actions. Seven, synecdoche it is reverse is expressed: a part stands for a whole, an individual stands for a class. And a material stands for a thing.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

The data analyzed based on figurative expressions, they are metaphor, personification, hyperbole, metonymy, synecdoche, simile, and irony. The analysis carried out by describing both literal and non-literal meaning. The source of data to be analyzed is found from Book Three of The New Testament.

4.1 Data Findings

The data findings are as follows: 1) Luke 1:69

He has raised up a horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David.

2) Luke 2:35

So that the thoughts of many hearts will be revealed. And a sword will pierce your own soul too.

3) Luke 3:7

John said to the crowds coming out to be baptized by him, ‘You brood of vepers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?’

4) Luke 3:8a

Produce fruit in keeping with repentance.

5) Luke 3:8

Produce fruit in keeping with repentance. And do not begin to say yourselves, We have Abraham as our father. For I tell you that out of these stones God can raise up children for Abraham.

6) Luke 3:11

John answered, “The man with two tunics should share with him who has none, and the one who has food should do the same.”

7) Luke 3:17

His winnowing fork in his hand to clear his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his barn, but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.

8) Luke 3:22

And the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily from like a dove.

9) Luke 5:10

And so wear James and John, the sons of Zebedee, Simon’s partners. Then Jesus said to Simon, “Don’t be afraid, from now on you will fishers of men.”

10) Luke 5:23

Which is easier: to say, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say, ‘Get up and walk?

11) Luke 5:31

Jesus answered them, “it is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick.

12) Luke 6:9

Then Jesus said to them, “I ask you, which is lawful on the Sabbath: to do good or to do evil, to save life or to destroy it?”

13) Luke 6:20

Looking at his disciples, he said:

“Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God.”

14)Luke 6:29

If someone strikes you on one check, turn to him the other also. If someone takes your cloak, do not stop him from taking your tunic.

15) Luke 6:39

He also told them this parable: “Can a blind man lead a blind man? Will they not both fall into a pit?”

16) Luke 6:41

Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother’s eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye?

17) Luke 6:43

No good tree bears bad fruit, nor does a bad tree bear good fruit.

18) Luke 6:44

Each three is recognized by its own fruit. People do not pick figs from thornbushes, or grapes from briers.

19) Luke 8:5

A farmer went out to sow his seed. As he was scattering the seed, some fell along the path, it was trampled on, and the birds of the air ate it up.

20) Luke 8:25

Where is your faith? He asked his disciples.

In fear and amazement they asked one another, “Who is this? He commands even the wind and the water, and they obey him.”

21) Luke 6:32

And if you do good to those who are good to you, what credit is that to you? Even ‘sinners’ do that.

22) Luke 9:29

As he was praying, the appearance of His face changed, and His clothes became as bright as a flash of lightning.

23)Luke 9:34

While he was speaking, a cloud appeared and enveloped them, and they were afraid as they entered the cloud.

24)Luke 9:44

Listen carefully to what I am about to tell you: the Son of Man is going to be betrayed into the hands of man.

25) Luke 9:35

A voice came from the cloud, saying, “This is my Son, whom I have chosen, listen to him.”

26) Luke 9:54

When the disciples James and John saw this, they asked, “Lord, do you want us to us to call fire down from heaven to destroy them?

27)Luke 9:60

Jesus said to him, “Let the dead bury their own dead, but you go and proclaim the kingdom of God.”

28)Luke 10:3

29) Luke 10:10

But when you enter a town and are not welcomed, go into its street and say, Even the dust of your town that sticks to our feet we wipe off against you. Yet be sure of this The kingdom of God is near.

30)Luke 10:18

He replied, “I saw satan fall like lighting from heaven.” 31) Luke 10:19

I have given you authority to trample on snakes and scorpions and to overcome all the power of the enemy; nothing will harm you.

32)Luke 11:44

“Woe to you, because you are like unmarked graves, which man walk over without knowing it. ”

33) Luke 12:3

What you have said in the dark will be heard in the daylight, and what you have whispered in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed from the roofs.

34) Luke 12:7

Indeed, they very hairs of your head are all numbered. Don’t be afraid, you are worth more than many sparrows.

35) Luke 12:9

But he who disowns me before men will be disowned before the angels of God.

36)Luke 12:22

The Jesus said to his disciples: “Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat, or about your body, what you will wear. Life is more than food, and the body more than clothes.”

37) Luke 12:19

And I’ll say to myself, “You have plenty of good things laid up for many years. Take life easy, eat, drink, and be marry.”

38) Luke 12:34

For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.

39) Luke 12:24

Consider the revens, they do not sow or reap, they have no store room or barn, yet God feeds them. And how much more valuable you are than birds?

40) Luke 12:27

Consider how to lilies grow. They do not labor or spin. Yet I tell you, not even Solomon in all his splendor was dressed like one of these.

41) Luke 12:36

Like men waiting for their master to return from a wedding banquet, so that when he comes and knocks they can immediately open the door for him.

42) Luke 12:49

I have come to bring fire on the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled.

43) Luke 12:54

He said to the crowd: “When you see a cloud rising in the west, immediately you say, ‘it'

44) Luke 13:19

It is like a mustard seed, which a man took and planted in his garden.

45) Luke 13:21

It is like yeast that a woman took and mixed into a large amount of flour until it worked all through the dough.

46) Luke 13:24

Make every effort to enter through the narrow door, because many, I tell you, will try to enter and will not be able to.

47)Luke 13:28

There will be weeping there, and gnashing of teeth, when you see Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets in the kingdom of God, but you yourselves thrown out.

48) Luke 13:32

He replied, Go tell that fox, ‘I will drive out demons and heal people today and tomorrow, and on the third day I will reach my goal.’

49)Luke 14:27

And anyone who does not carrying his cross and follow me cannot be my disciple.

50) Luke 14:34

Salt is good, but if it loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again?

51) Luke 17:2

It would be better for him to be thrown into the sea with a millstone tied around his neck than for him to cause one of these little ones to sin.

52) Luke 18:25

Indeed, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.

53) Luke 19:40

I tell you, “he replied, “if they keep quiet, the stones will cry out.”

54) Luke 20:36

And they can no longer die; for they are like the angels. They are God’s children, since they are children of the resurrection.

55) Luke 20:42

David himself declares in the Book of Psalms:

“The Lord said to my Lord: Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.”

56) Luke 21:6

As for what you see here, the time will come when not one stone will be left on another, every one of them will be thrown down.

57) Luke 22:19

And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, “This is my my body given for you, do this in remembrance of me.”

58)Luke 22:20

In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”

59)Luke 22:42

“Father, if you are willing,take this cup from me, yet not my will, but yours be done.”

4.2 Analysis

Metaphor:

The poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish, a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.

1) Luke 2:35 page 567; line 73

So that the thoughts of many hearts will be revealed. And a sword will pierce your own soul too.

The verse from data (2) used ‘sword’ as a symbol. According to oxford dictionary, ‘sword’ means a weapon with a long metal blade and a handle. It is used to make a part of something or killing something. If we interpret the data literally, it will be contrary if Jesus, whom known as Peaceful Maker, brings a sword to the world to make us into disruption and killing us. But figuratively, the meaning is that Jesus comes to this world to separate us from evil, because there have been so many people who against God’s word. So, Jesus used the ‘sword’ to emphasize His purpose of coming to this world.

2) Luke 3:7 page 568;line 19

John said to the crowds coming out to be baptized by him, ‘You brood of vepers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?’

In data (3) we can draw an analysis as brood of vipers, according to Oxford dictionary that the meaning of the word ‘vepers’ is kinds of snake, and than ‘brood ’ according to Oxford Dictionary explain about young birds hatched at one time in a nest. This statement interpret to human especially to men which is not believe God. It is clear this verse is metaphor because men did not clan of snake. If we interpret literally

means that vepers is danger snake and attitude of snakes is smart, licik and etc. same with our heart if we following all of attitudes’s of vepers we are is blood of it. But as non-literal meaning, it means that we brood of vepers when we follow vepers we folloer of evil. In conclusion, we can imitate a good of vepers attitude not the bad, because as we know snakes is symbol of evils. If we wont say brood of vepers we must believe to God.

3) Luke 3:8a page 568;line 22

Produce fruit in keeping with repentance.

If we interpret the sentence literally, it means that repentance is a kind of fruit which can be eaten as food and usually tastes sweet, but on this occasion it is not like that. The writer means to show that we as human expected to make our life into repentance, not only said that we repent, but also our behavior should describing that we have walked in God’s way. From those reason, the writer conclude that data (4) is classified into metaphor since ‘fruit’ comparewith behavior.

4) Luke 3:11 page 568;line 29

John answered, “The man with two tunics should share with him who has none, and the one who has food should do the same.”

The data (6) is almost similar with the data. Both of them used metaphor to show the idea. Literally means if you have two tunics, you must share it one to your friends and same with that food you must share it too. So in wider meaning, we should give more than what is a must. This is the symbol of helping others.

5) Luke 3:17 page 568;line 45

His winnowing fork in his hand to clear his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his barn, but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.

Data (7) shows us a kind of metaphor that there is a thing symbolized with the other, in this case, the activity which described in the sentence above. The verse tells us about the activity when the time of harvest comes. As we know, when harvest is coming, the farmer separates the wheat from the chaff. The wheat will put into the barn and the chaff will be burned. This activity is symbolized to the judgment day. The farmer belongs to God who will distinguish the blessed people from unblessed ones. The blessed people will enter the heaven, while the others will throw into the hell.

6) Luke 5:10 page 570;line20

And so wear James and John, the sons of Zebedee, Simon’s partners. Then Jesus said to Simon, “Don’t be afraid, from now on you will fishers of men.”

Why the writer classified data (9) into metaphor is because the word ‘fisher’ in this sentence is not put in literal terms. According to oxford dictionary, the meaning of ‘fisher’ is a person who catches fish from water, either as a job or as a sport. So literally, it means that Jesus want his disciples to catch men from water. But figuratively, fisher of men means someone who brings other people to follow the way of God.

7) Luke 6:20 page 570;line 41

Looking at his disciples, he said:

“Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God.”

the word ‘spirit’. Logically, someone who is said poor means that he does not have anything or he lives at least or in other literal meaning means that spirit of man has different class, the rich and the poor. But on this occasion, the ‘poor’ in that phrase as a metaphor with one of human’s characteristics which is humble. So figuratively means for those who are always humble, they will become the member of kingdom of heaven.

8) Luke 6:29 page;571;line 67

If someone strikes you on one check, turn to him the other also.

In data (14), if we analyze the verse literally, means that whoever slaps your right cheek, you should give to them your left cheek to be slapped. Figuratively means that if there is someone who treats you unwell, we should not against him. In wider meaning, metaphorically means that it is better for us not to ask for compensation but gives more goodness to someone who treats us bad. From the description, this data clearly shows the using of metaphor.

9) Luke 6:43 page 571;line 101

No good tree bears bad fruit, nor does a bad tree bear good fruit.

In the data (17), Jesus used the word ‘tree’ in telling His teaching. It is compared with a man. The ‘tree’ and ‘a man’ has a similarity, which is produce something. Literally, ‘tree’ produces fruits while a ‘man’ produce child. But figuratively, there is deeper meaning within this verse. If someone acts good and has a beauty attitude, he will get the good things too, but if someone acts bad and always do something bad in his life, so he will get the bad things too. In conclusion, this data can be classified as a kind of metaphor because there are two things that are compared, the first thing is designated by the second thing to emphasize

that we will get based on what we have done.

10)Luke 6:44 page 571;line 102

Each three is recognized by its own fruit. People do not pick figs from thornbushes, or grapes from briers.

Here, in the data (18) the word ‘fruit’ is compared with behavior of a man. Literally this verse means that by seeing the fruit we know what kinds of tree it is. Similar to human life, attitude or behavior of someone reflected the characteristics of him. So we know his character from how he acts and how he speaks.

11) Luke 8:5 page 572;line 11

A farmer went out to sow his seed. As he was scattering the seed, some fell along the path, it was trampled on, and the birds of the air ate it up.

The data (19) shows us that the writer uses word “farmer” as a metaphor. According to oxford dictionary, the meaning of ‘farmer’ is man who owns or manages a farm. In this sentence, seed belongs to a men “seed” According to oxford dictionary, is part of a plant from which another plant can grow. In this data literally meaning is ‘farmer’ is Jesus and seed is men, men who believe in God and disciplines of Jesus, and Jesus is scattering men to every place to scatte the good news to every people. But explain too not all seed doing his job seriously. In conclusion, this verse can classified as a kind of metaphor for farmer is compared with seed.

12) Luke 9:29 page 573;line 64

As He was praying, the appearance of His face changed, and His clothes became as bright as a flash of lightning.

Data (22) used a kind of symbol ‘light’. Light is needed by everyone in this world. We can imagine when night comes and all of lights turning on, we can see clearly everything. Moreover, a place on a hill can be seen. That is also reflected in human life. If human life way according to God of prophets not only his face became bright but also his life be shine. So it means that human should be imitate attitude of God whereas is source of light. While the clause ‘his clothes became bright as a lightning’ means that God wears a cloth that make Him shiny. Figuratively, the word ‘bright’ means cheerfull . So the clause wants to describe that God is lighter.

13)Luke 10:10 page 574;line 16

But when you enter a town and are not welcomed, go into its street and say, Even the dust of your town that sticks to our feet we wipe off against you. Yet be sure of this The kingdom of God is near.

The phrase ‘the dust of your town that sticks to our feet we wipe off against you’ in the data (29) has a metaphor meaning. the word ‘dust’ is a kind of symbol. Literally, ‘dust’ means the fine powder of dirt’. So if we define the meaning of this verse, it means that when we are rejected in visiting to spread the gospel, we should shake off the dust from their feet. It is impossible if we think it logically. But figuratively, ‘dust’ is a sign of refusal. If none accept you or listen for what you said about gospel,

God asked you to be patience by throw out your bad feeling about their refusal. It means that you can not force someone, just leave them and then find who are willing to receive yours.

14) Luke 12:3 page 576;line 7

What you have said in the dark will be heard in the daylight, and what you have whispered in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed from the roofs.

The data (33) is classified as metaphor. Why the writer reach the conclusion that this verse belongs to the metaphor is because the sentence is intend to say that God wants his disciples do more than he does. It symbolized with two things which are contrary; they are ‘dark’ and ‘daylight’. If we look from the quantity, the glow in the daylight is more than in the dark. Then Jesus used symbols again; ‘ear’ and ‘roof’. Similar with dark and daylight, if we look from quantity, what we have got from the sound of someone who stands on the roof is more than from whispering. There is only a few we get from whispering. So, in conclusion, God wants us to do more that what He had done. He wants us to spread gospel wider than He had ever spread.

15) Luke 12:9 page 576;line 20

But he who disowns me before men will be disowned before the angels of God.

In data (35) clearly shows to us there is a comparison within this verse. The word ‘disowns’ belongs to be please of accept or receive

something. The interpretation of this verse is that for those who are rejecting to listen the gospel from us, it means that he reject God in his life. So here, the speaker, Jesus, is compared with a man (in this case is His disciples).

16) Luke 12:49 page 577;line 111

I have come to bring fire on the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled.

The verse from data (42) used ‘fire’ as a symbol. According to oxford dictionary, ‘fire’ means cause to be begin burning. It is used to heat something make in order to change or can kill something. If we interpret the data literally, it will be contrary if Jesus, whom known as Peaceful Maker, brings fire to the world to make us into disruption and killing us. But figuratively, the meaning is that Jesus comes to this world to separate us from evil, because there have been so many people who against God’s word. So, Jesus used the ‘fire’ to emphasize His purpose of coming to this world.

17) Luke 13:24 page 578;line 48

Make every effort to enter through the narrow door, because many, I tell you, will try to enter and will not be able to.

The word ‘door’ in the data (46) used as a kind of symbol. Literally door means that which closes the entrance to a building, room,etc. There is comparison between two doors; narrow door and wide door. People logically prefer to choose a wider one with a thought it is easier. But the meaning is not as simple like that. Figuratively, there is a deep meaning within it. Many people prefer to take the easiest thing in their life though they do not know that it bring them into destruction. There is only a few who willing to take the way which is not easy to pass by but actually it brings us into real life, that is with God. In conclusion, the ‘door’ symbolically is a way.

18)Luke 14:27 page 578;line 55

And anyone who does not carrying his cross and follow me cannot be my disciple.

The word ‘cross’ in the data (49) is a kind of symbol. The verse does not mean that if we to be God’s disciple, we should carrying the cross wherever we may go. But the writer interpret the phrase ‘carrying his cross’ metaphorically to mean that God wants us to surrender all of our

life and soul. So in conclusion ‘cross’ here as a symbol of sacrificing soul.

19)Luke 14:34 page 579;line 72

Salt is good, but if it loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again?

Data (50) is classified as metaphor since the sentence used ‘salt’ as a kind of symbol. As we know salt is one of the most important spices in food. The taste of salt never lying. Without putting salt into the food, the food will not tasty. That is why the taste of food depends on the salt. So if salt loses its saltiness, people will not use it again as their spices even they will let it be on the sea. When we apply the description of salt to human life, people are expected to be like the salt. We should being honest in both life and words to everyone, so people will respect on us, because the society depends on us.

20) Luke 17:2 page 580;line 3

It would be better for him to be thrown into the sea with a millstone tied around his neck than for him to cause one of these little ones to sin.

The phrase ‘a large millstone hung’ is a kind of symbol. In literal meaning, it means that it is a heavy thing to be carried. But when we interpret figuratively, the meaning will be that for those who bring children to the lost, he will get punishment from God and full of suffer in his life. So the phrase is to symbolize the measurement of suffering.

21) Luke 20:42 page 583;line 82

“The Lord said to my Lord: Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.”

In the data (55), there is two of using the word ‘Lord’. According to the New Bible Commentary, this is the utterance of David (a prophet). He said Lord to Jesus too. That is why there are two using of ‘Lord’. If we interpret the clause ‘sit at my right hand’ literally, means that the Lord will sit down in the Lord’s right hand; which is meant that He is sitting at Lord’s part of body. It makes the meaning will make no sense. That is why we have to find the figurative meaning to get the proper or suitable understanding of the sentence. Figuratively, the clause means that the Lord (Jesus) sits at the right side of Lord in heaven. The phrase ‘right hand’ symbolizes the precious position in heaven. Then the phrase ‘under your feet’ means the world. If we imagine that we are sit at the heaven, so what under our feet is surely the world. So, it is clear that ‘enemies under your feet’ mean people who are sin and still live in the world.

22) Luke 21:6 page 583;line 9

As for what you see here, the time will come when not one stone will be left on another, every one of them will be thrown down.

There is a sense of symbol usage in the data (56). Here in this verse, the stone means God’s creation that in this verse belongs to God’s temple. Figuratively, this verse means that all things in the world have sinned, even a God’s temple. It is because people who do not use the temple as the way it is, so when the end of the age, it will be thrown down. In conclusion, all things in the world are symbolized by the stone.

23) Luke 22:19 page 583;line 32

And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, “This is my my body given for you, do this in remembrance of me.”

The data (57) is clearly shows to us the used of metaphor. The word ‘bread’ compared with the body of Christ. Here, the bread which is used is ‘unleavened bread’. According to Oxford dictionary, that is a kind of bread which made without yeast and therefore flat and heavy. If we define this verse literally, means that the body of Christ is not sweet and flat and it can be broke and eaten by people. But on this occasion, semantically, it means that the bread is a sign that how suffer Jesus felt when He crucified, but He sacrificed Himself to save the people from sin. The reflection of ‘bread’ in human life is as a food to man’s soul as a remembrance of God.

24) Luke 22:20 page 584;line 34

In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”

The data (58) is a kind of metaphor so the phrase ‘blood of the covenant’ can not defined literally. Here in this verse, the blood symbolizes the death of Christ. Literally, the word ‘blood’ means red liquid flowing through the body. If we define this data literally, it has a meaning that God gives His real blood from His body to many people. It is illogical to be received by human thought. That is why we define it figuratively. The phrase ‘blood of the covenant’ means that Lord had ever promised in Old Testament that there will be someone that sent to us to ransom our sin, and it has been fulfilled in Matthew. So the whole verse means that God sacrificed Himself on a Cross tosave people and all their sins are forgiven.

25)Luke 22:42 page 584;line 76

“Father, if you are willing, take this cup from me, yet not my will, but yours be done.”

In data (59) we will find the word ‘cup’. Literally, a ‘cup’ means a mean that filled with water and used for drink. Figuratively, the word is a symbol. It symbolizes the condition which filled with suffering. Jesus wants the suffering and the dead do not come to Him. So we can conclude that the using of symbol ‘cup’ is a key of metaphor.

Personofication:

The word personification derives from Latin words

‘persona’ means person, actor, or mask used in the theatre and ‘fix’ means to make. Therefore, personification is a kind of figurative expression in which an animate object given a human quality.

1) Luke 8:25 page 572;line 58

Where is your faith? He asked his disciples.

In fear and amazement they asked one another, “Who is this? He commands even the wind and the water, and they obey him.”

The clause ‘the winds and water obey Him’ in the data (20) is personification. Winds and waves are neither a living thing nor human because according to Oxford dictionary, the word ‘winds’ means air that moves quickly as a result of natural forces and the word ‘water’ means liquid found in rivers, lakes, seas, etc. but in this verse, water and winds are acted like a human or animal that can obey something. So, the verse wants to emphasize how

powerful God is even He conquered the waves and the wind. The word ‘obey’ is the characteristic of human being, which means doing what someone’s said, in this case God.

2) Luke 9:34 page 574;line 78

While he was speaking, a cloud appeared and enveloped them, and they were afraid as they entered the cloud.

In logic thinking, in the data (23), it is impossible that cloud can make a voice or speaking and enveloped something. Literally something that can make a sound is human being and animal while cloud is not. According to Oxford dictionary, ‘cloud’ means a grey or white mass made of very small drops of water that floats in the sky. So it is impossible if there is a voice from the cloud. Figuratively, the cloud symbolizes The Lord. So the verse means that it is a voice from the Lord. Then the clause ‘a cloud appeared and enveloped them’ means that the place is full of shine of the Lord.

3) Luke 9:35 page 574;line 80

A voice came from the cloud, saying, “This is my Son, whom I have chosen, to him.”

In logic thinking, in the data (25) and data (23) it is same, it is impossible that cloud can make a voice and talking. Literally something that can make a sound is human being and animal while cloud is not. According to Oxford dictionary, ‘cloud’ means a grey or white mass made of very small drops of water that floats in the sky. So it is impossible if there is a voice from the cloud. Figuratively, the cloud symbolizes The Lord. So the verse means that it is a voice from the Lord.

God’s word because they think can enter to Kingdom of Godis more important. In conclusion, the data exaggerate the bad habitual of a rich man.

Synecdoche

: a figure of speech in which the one of the following

(or its reverse) is expressed: e. A part stands for a whole f. An individual stands for a class g. A material stands for a thing

1)Luke 6:29a page 571;line 70

If someone strikes you on one check, turn to him the other also Literally in the data (14), this sentence is a command and suggestion for us to let our cheek be slapped by another. As we know, ‘cheek’ is a part of our body. Figuratively, it represents not only the right or left cheek, but includes the whole part of our body. So this verse means whatever from our body that is hit by another, we should not to resist him. This is an analysis from synecdoche terms.

2) Luke 6:29 page 571;line 71

If someone strikes you on one check, turn to him the other also. If someone takes your cloak, do not stop him from taking your tunic.

Data (14), if we interpret literally, the verse asks us to give our coat for those who are sue us. Figuratively, ‘shirt’ and ‘coat’ are symbol of our treasures.

Both of them do not only represent a shirt and a coat, but also all of what we have. If anyone wants to take what we have we should give him more.

4.3. Finding

After I analyzed the data I found that from the fifty-nine selected kinds of figurative expressions from The Book Three in The New Testament, he uses figurative way in metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, irony, synecdoche, and metonymy. The exact number of each non-literal expression that found in the fifty-nine data will be furthered explained in chapter five.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After doing the analysis in the previous chapter, it is concluded that Luke contains some kinds of figurative expressions. These figurative expressions are classified into the non-literal meaning. Non-literal meaning occurs when a sentence or expression has a hidden meaning besides the lexical meaning. Here, the usages of figurative expressions are to modify the lexical meaning of the sentences in Book Three of The New Testament : Luke. The kinds of figurative way that found in this analysis are:

1) Metaphor with 25 cases or 42.3% of 59

2) Personification 10 with of cases or 16.9 % of 59

3) Hyperbole 4 with cases or 6.7% of 59

4) Metonymy 4 with cases or 6.7 % of 59

5) Synecdoche 2 with cases or 3.3% of 59

6) Simile with 8 cases or 13.5 % of 59

7) Irony with 7 cases or 11.8% of 59

From the data above, we know that the most dominant kind of figurative expression that is used in Matthew is metaphor.

5.2 Suggestions

This analysis is a brief analysis of semantic aspects toward the use of non-literal meaning in the figurative expressions that found in the Holy Bible. However, the writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect since it is possible to find some mistakes in this thesis. Thus, any constructive criticism and suggestion are humbly welcome.

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