teacher‟s performance, class situation, and students‟ response concerning the application of TPR during CAR. In other words all of the needed aspects should
be noticed to make sure whether the teaching learning process is in line with the lesson plan or not. The observation is carried out by using both the form of
observation as a guidelines during the research and field notes as an additional data.
c Questionnaire
It is necessary to know students‟ feeling during CAR. Therefore, the questionnaire is given to the students around their enthusiasm to be involved in
prepositions of place. In this case the writer provides questionnaire in the form of yesno question.
d Test
The test used in this study is pre-test and post-test. It is used to get the data concerning with the students‟ progress in understanding prepositions of place
through TPR. The pre-test is given to the students before TPR is applied. Meanwhile, the post-test is given after the implementation of TPR in the end of
each cycle. Both of pre-test and post-test are presented in the form of multiple choices.
H. The Techniques of Data Analysis
The technique of data analysis consists of data from interview, data from observation, data from distributing questionnaire, and data from the test pre-test and
post-test. The analysis qualitative data is used to measure data from observation and interview, while the analysis quantitative data is used to measure data from
questionnaire and tests. In analyzing the average score of studen ts‟ grammar test in
each cycle, the writer uses the formula:
37
X : mean
x : individual score
n : number of students
37
Sudjana, Metoda Statistika, Bandung: PT. Tarsito, 2002, p.67
�
=
∑� �
Next, the writer tries to get the class percentage which pass the minimal mastery level criterion KKM considering English subject gains score 75 seventy
five. The formula is:
38
P : the class percentage
F : total percentage score
N : number of students
Then, after getting mean of students‟ score per actions, the writer identifies whether or not there is an improvement of students‟ score from pre-test up to post-test
in cycle 1 and cycle 2. The writer uses the formula below to analyze the data:
39
P : percentage of
students‟ improvement y
: pre-test result y1
: post-test 1
P : percentage of students‟ improvement
y : pre-test
y2 : post-test 2
38
Anas Sudjono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008, p.43
39
David E. Meltzer, The Relationship between Mathematics Preparation and Conceptual Learning Gains in Physics: A Possible Hidden Variable in Diagnostic Pretest Scores, Iowa: Department of Physics and
Astronomy, 2008, p.3
y1 – y
P = y
X 100
y2 – y
P = y
X 100 F
P = X 100
N
The formula used to analyze data from the percentage of questionnaire result:
n : number of students who answered the option
N : number of students in the class
I. The Validity of Data
The validity is an essential criterion for evaluating the quality and acceptable of the research. According to Anderson, to get the validity of data of action research,
there are five criteria; those are democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity.
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In this case, the writer uses the outcome, process and dialogic validity for her research.
Outcome validity is taken from the result of the test in each cycle. The writer compares the result of cycle one and cycle two. When the result of cycle two is better
than cycle one, it means that the research is successful. Then, process validity refers to the observation of the process to solve the problem. It can be seen from the result of
observation. When there might find some mistakes in the method of teaching, then the writer discusses with the teacher to modify the further strategy. After that, dialog
validity refers to the discussion between the writer and the English teacher to review the outcome of the research in reflecting phase. It can be seen from the result of
interview. It this case, the writer and the teacher discusses and assess the students‟ test result of cycle one and cycle two together. It is done in order to avoid invalid data.
J. The Criteria of Action Success
