CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents and discusses the understanding of prepositions, the types of prepositions, the function of prepositions, the understanding of TPR, the
characteristic of TPR, design of TPR, the principles of TPR, and the advantages of TPR and the disadvantages of TPR.
A. Prepositions
1. The Understanding of Prepositions
According to Frank preposition is classified as part of spech in Traditional grammar. However, prepositions as well as conjunctions differ from other parts of
speech that 1 each is composed of a small class of words that have no formal characteristics endings; 2 each signals syntactic structures that function as one of the
other parts of speech.
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Mark Foley and Diane Hall defined that preposition describes the relationship between two or more things. It can link noun, verbs or adjectives before the
preposition with a noun or pronoun after it. 10 A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like “in” or “after” is rather
9
Marcella Frank, Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide, New York: Prentice Hall, Inc, 1972, p. 163
10
Mark Foley and Diane Hall, Advanced Learner’s Grammar: A self-study reference practice book
with answers, Harlow: Longman, 2003, p.280
meaningless and hard to define in more words.
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Majorie Farmer stated that preposition is a word that introduces a phrase modifying another word or a part of a
sentence.
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Greenbaum defined that prepositions are closed of items connecting two units in a sentence and specifying a relationship between them.
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From the statement above the writer concludes that preposition is a word that can not be changed shape and are usually in place in front of the noun to show a
certain relationship with other words in the sentence.
2. The Types of Prepositions
There are many kinds of prepositions. Some of them are the simplist form. Many of them are monosyllabic such as in, at, up, to, by, of, out, with, from, down,
over, into, after, before, since, behind, above, etc. According to Marcella Frank there are types of prepositions as follows:
a. Preposition of Location
The common preposition used to indicate location or places are
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: - in
being surrounded by something =di dalam E.g: in the swimming pool; in the house
- at presence, around =di sekitar
E.g: at the supermarket; at the swimming pool - on
in contact with the surface of another object = di atas
E.g on the desk; on the ground
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http:www.uazone.orgfrienses14ruspreposition, December 13
th
, 2010
12
Majorie Farmer and Friends, Composition and Grammar II, Steps in the Writing Process, Texas: Laidlaw Brothers Publisher, 1985, p.338
13
Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, A Students’ Grammar of English Language, Harlow:
Longman, 1990, p.188
14
Drs. Nasrun Mahmud. English for Muslim University Students, Third Edition. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Dan Budaya Universitas Islam Negeri, 2003, p.79
- across opposite from = di seberang
E.g: across the street; across the river - around
near or all sides of = di sekeliling E.g: around the house; around the room
- between in the space separating two things = di antara
E.g: Jack is sitting between Dick and Tom; The bank is between the hotel and the post office.
- among with or surrounded by = di antara
E.g: Mary was standing among the girls; His little house is among the big and beautiful ones
in the village - throughout
in all parts, all over = di seluruh E.g: He looked for his pen throughout the room
- overabove higher than; up in perpendicular direction from
the sky is over above our head - underbeneath
lower than, down in perpendicular direction from = di bawah
E.g: under beneath the table - below
at the point lower than = di bawah E.g: below the sea level.
b. Preposition showing Place or position
There are many kinds of prepositions that show the place or position, they are:
b.1. The point it self
In or inside Hang your coat in the closet. in gives the area
of something enclosed-a container, a drawer, a room, a building, the world
There was no one inside the house. inside emphasizes the containment
On put the dishes on the table. 0n indicates the
surface of something – a floor, a wall, a ceiling,
a desk, a street. On top of
– He‟s standing on top of the desk. On top of emphasizies the uppermost horizontal
surface. It is used with an object that has some height.
At he‟s at school at church, at the store. At refers
to general vicinity. Were presence at the place is indicated.
At is also used for addresses with street number- He lives at 200 park Avenue but he lives on
Park Avenue. After the verb arrive, at refers to a place smaller than a city or
town-He has arrived at the airport or the station, the library; in refers to a place larger than a city or town- He arrived in California or
Brazil, Europe. For a city, in is more usual. But at may also be used, especially in reference to traveling-the plane arrived in or at
Singapore an hour late.
b.2. Higher or lower than a point b.2.1. Higher
Over The plane flew over the mountains. Over is felt
to be generally higher than a point. Above
He lives on the floor above us. Above is felt to be directly higher than a point.
This distinction between over and above is not always carefully observed.
b.2.2 Lower
Under A subway runs under this street. Under is felt
to be generally lower than a point. Underneath
He swept the dirt underneath the rug. underneath express the idea of close under,
especially so as to be hidden. Beneath
Beneath a tree lay a dog fast asleep. Beneath, express the idea of directly under, with some
space between. Below
He lives on the floor below us. Below is felt to be directly lower than a point.
The distinction between under and below is not always carefully maintained.
b.3. Neighboring the point
Near He lives near the University. Near has the most
general meaning of neighboring a point. By is a synonym for near. Close to means very near.
Next to The theather is right next to the post office with
nothing else between them. Alongside
The tug pulled up alongside the tanker. Adjoining persons or things considered as lined
up, or side by side. Beside
He sat beside his wife during the party. on each side of person or thing that has two sides.
Between He sat between his two sons. on each side of a
person or thing that has two sidesif more than two persons or things are positioned around a
point, among is used- He sat among all his grandchildren.
Opposite The museum is just opposite the post office.
directly facing someone or something else.
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15
Marcella Frank, Modern English: A practical..., p.165
c. Preposition showing Direction
The kind of movement designated by each preposition given below is illustrated by the diagram below.
To form He always walks to school from his home
To From
Towards The pilgrims headed towards Mecca
Towards Away from
Into-out of He ran into the house quickly. After a few
minutes he ran out of the house with an umbrella under his arm
Into Out of
Up-Down He climbed up or down he stair.
Up
Down Around
The ship sailed around the island.
Around
Through You can drive through that town in an hour
Through
Past or by He walked past or by his old schoolhouse
without stopping. Past
As far as up to We will walk only as far as up to the old
schoolhouse. Then we will turn back.
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As far as From the quatations above, the writer sees that the types of
prepositions are: preposition of location, preposition showing place or position, and preposition showing direction.
3. The function of prepositions
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