Some Concept of Peace’s Perspective a Takeshi Ishida

no conflict, violence or war, b order, c mind, d law, e coercive power, f divinity or, g goodness. He attempts to group the concepts of peace under these seven principles. 15 d Gunnar Johnson 16 Johnson presents three major concepts of peace: 1 peace as a world without war, 2 peace as world justice, and 3 peace as world order, abstracts element of these concepts into theoretical categories: 1 The peace is not war category The peace is not war category is concerned with disarmament, control of or elimination of war, understanding the root causes of war, and the control of or elimination of war-like to these ends most of peace research has been dedicated. Johnson identifies three conceptual groups under this world without war view of peace. First are those concerned with eliminating causes of war. Second are those committed to finding non-violent ways of settling conflict. And third, those who wish to remove the instruments of war and mediate confrontations which might lead to war. Johnson is clearly including under the peace is not war category such concepts as 1 peace through no violence, 2 peace through conflict resolution, and 3 peace through disarmament. 15 Anonymous, Concept of Peace. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http:www.colorado.educonflictfull_text_searchPeacePapers89-14.htm. 16 Gunnar Johnson July 3, 1889 – June 19, 1926 was a Swedish track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he finished eleventh in the hammer throw competition. Anonymous, Gunnar Johnson. Accessed on November 12, 2008. http:psycnet.apa.orgindex.cfm?fa=main.doiLandinguid=2006-12205-004. 2 The peace is social justice category According to Johnson, The peace is social justice category contains two other important themes, first the awareness of the presence of structural violence or violence perpetrated by social system. And second, the preference for research directed towards strategies of non-violent change. The peace as social justice school has shifted focus from the causes of war to the conditions of violence and peace. In doing so it has continued to define peace in terms of violence and has added conflict theory to peace theory. 3 The peace as world order category The peace as world order category attempts to address the problem of human survival in the face of increasingly complex world problems such as nuclear war, and ecological disaster. 17 e John Macquarrie 18 Peace is viewed as a process of creating a more peaceful world, or of manifesting the latent true nature of humanity, where that peaceful world or latent nature is ideal states or goals. The actual attainment of the goal or the existence of 17 R.J. Rummel, What is Peace. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http:www.colorado.educonflictfull_text_searchPeacePapers89-14.htm. 18 ANTILL, JOHN MACQUARIE 1866-1937 a soldier, was born on January 26, 1866 at Jarvisfield, Picton, New South Wales, second surviving son of John Macquarie Antill, grazier, and his wife Jessie Hassall, née Campbell. His paternal grandfather was Major Henry Colden Antill, aide-de- camp to Governor Macquarie. Educated at Sydney Grammar School, he was working as a surveyor when he joined the New South Wales Mounted Rifles in 1889. Commissioned as a captain on 19 January, he raised and commanded the Piston Squadron. Four years later he was sent to India by Major General Sir Edward Hutton and attached to the 1st Battalion, Devonshire Regiment, and the 2nd Dragoon guards for training. On his return in 1894 he was commissioned in the colonys Permanent Military Forces and appointed to the instructional staff. R.J. Rummel, Antill, John Macquarie 1866 - 1937. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http:adbonline.anu.edu.aubiogsA070084b.htm. the goal is taken as a matter of faith, or of transcendent experience. However the process of creation is seen as more immediately important. According to Macquarrie, The problem of peace is one of fractures. The process of peace is one of healing fractures. 19 This worldview is the basis for the concept of peace as a process and the definition of peace as healing fractures. Macquarrie illustrates the importance of worldview in determining concepts of peace. A worldview that does not have a basic orientation of fear leads to a concept of peace that is integrative. Integrative in the sense that creation of peaceful relations and creation of peaceful social structures are incorporated. 20 The concept of peace that is proposed by some experts above will be used to be referenced by some news concept of peace of the lyrics proposed that will be analyzed in the chapter III.

B. Figures of Speech 1.

Simile According to Wren and Martin, simile is a comparison made between two objects of different kinds which they have, however at least on point in common. Generally, a simile refers to only one characteristic that two things have in common, while a metaphor is not faintly limited in the number of resembles it way indicate. 21 Usually, the simile is signified by the words like: like, as, so, 19 “Healing fractures” in Macquarries term is nearly synonymous to “reducing separation.” 20 R.J. Rummel, What is Peace. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http:www.colorado.educonflictfull_text_searchPeacePapers89-14.htm. 21 Perrine Laurence R. ARP Thomas, Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry Florida, United State of America: Harcourt Brace Collage Publishers, 1991 Eight Edition, p. 61. appear, seem, more then. Simile is seen at a poem A Red, Red Rose by Robert Burns. O my love, is like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June O my love is like the melodies That’s sweetly played in tune On this poem, Robert Burns use the word like to represent his love that is like a red, red rose and melodies that is sweetly played in tune.

2. Metaphor

According to Barnet, metaphor asserts the identity, without a connective such as “like” or a verb such as “appears” of a term that are literally incompatible. 22 According to Perrine, metaphor is a figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. In the other case Croft defines that metaphor describes the subject being the thing to which it is compared. In the piece of Robert Herrick’s poem below, he uses metaphor to express his feeling to his sweetheart. You are tulip seen today, But dearest, of so short a stay There were you grew scarce man can say. In the first line of this poem, Herrick images his sweetheart with a beautiful and charming tulip, but unfortunately, the tulips does not have time to stay along, which is proposed described through the line ...so short a stay. 22 Barnet, Sylvan, et al., An Introduction to Literature. New York: Harper Collins Publishers 1993, Tenth Edition, p. 63.

3. Personification

Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. It is a really subtype of metaphor, an implied comparison in which the figurative term of the comparison is always a human being. 23 James Stephens use a personification in his poem The Wind. The poet expresses the wind like human which has legs, fingers, and hands. The wind stood up and gave a shout He whistled on his fingers and Kicked the withered leaves about And thumped the branched with his hand And said he’s kill and kill and kill And so he will and so he will

4. Apostrophe

Closely related personification is apostrophe which consists in addressing someone absent or dead or something non human as if that person or thing were present and a live and could reply to what is being said. 24 The speaker William Wordsworth uses the apostrophe in the first line of the following London poem “…Milton Thon shoudst be living at this hour…” the speaker addresses Milton, a well known English poet in 17 th centuries that changed Paradise Lost. The speaker addresses his name Milton hoped to come when English was being attacked by the crisis of culture, because his present was could be a treat the soul that was being crisis. 23 Perrine, op. cit., p.64. 24 Ibid. p. 65.

5. Metonymy

In metonymy, the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. John Oyer uses metonymy in Grongar Hill; A little rule, a little sway, A sun beam on a winter’s day, Is all the pround a mighty have Between the cradle and the grave We recognize that cradle signifies of birth, and grave signifies death. 25 Synecdoche the use of the part whole and metonymy the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant are a like in that both substitute some significant detail or an experience for the experience it self. 26

6. Symbol

Symbol is the visible object or action that suggests some furthers meaning in addition to it. 27 Perrine says that “a symbol may be roughly defined as something that means more than what it is.” 28 It is closely connected with denotation and connotation meaning. Symbol is the part of poem’s structure that could not be paid attention that is caused of its function in understanding the poem meaning. The words that we use in daily conversation have literal meaning or usually denotative referred to object directly without referring to the other manning. But, the word dog in this line “…some dirty dogs stole my wallet at the 25 X J. Kennedy, An Introduction to Poetry New York: Pearson, Longman. 2005, p. 96. 26 Perrine, op. cit., p. 66. 27 Kennedy, op. cit., p. 232. 28 Perrine, op. cit., p. 80.