2. Some Concept of Peace’s Perspective a Takeshi Ishida
9
Through an examination of the original meanings of peace in the worlds main cultures excluding Islam.
10
The root of the word Islam in Arabic is SALAMA
which is the origin of the words peace or submission, a submission to the God and peace to all humanity. It is, thus, the salutation in Islam is Al-Salamu
Alaikum or “peace on you.” In this regard, the prophet Mohammad ordered his
fellow Muslims to salute others Muslims or non-Muslims with peace when he said “peace before speech.”
Takeshi Ishida examines the main emphasis of each word for peace in
order to help reduce the semantic differences that can create problems between different cultures negotiating peace.
Ishida suggests an east - west dichotomy of peace concepts where the eastern concepts see peace achieved through individual conformity to customs,
norms, etc. as an outcome of individual internal harmony. Western concepts see peace more as a property of social systems functioning to assure prosperity.
11
9
Takeshi Ishida was born in Tokyo in 1972; Takashi Ishida is a renowned Japanese artistfilmmaker. His works have shown extensively at Japanese museums, galleries and film festivals
while also internationally, including a recent residency in the UK. In 2007, he received the prestigious Most Promising Young Talent Prize from the Fine Art Division of Goto Memorial Cultural Award.
Since receiving the prize, Ishida has been based in Toronto, where he remains until the end of February 2009. Anonymous, Takeshi Ishida Trans. Accessed on November 15, 2008.
http:www.akimbo.bizevents?id=13327day=13month=11year=2008.
10
Anonymous, Concept of Peace in Islam. Accessed on October, 9 2007. http:saif_w.tripod.comquestionsviolenceconcept_of_peace_in_islam.htm.
11
Anonymous, Peace. Accessed on October 9, 2007. http:www.colorado.educonflictfull_text_searchPeacePapers89-14.htm.
b Anatol Rapaport
12
Starting from the view that war, especially nuclear war, is the greatest threat to the survival of humanity, Anatol Rapaport examines international co-
operation aimed at “controlling” war. His conceptual scheme of peace images includes peace through strength, balance of power, and collective security, peace
through law, revolutionary pacifism, and personal pacifism. His conceptual scheme analyzes these images in relation to 1 the problem that is seen as
fundamentally important, 2 the conceptualization of a solution, 3 the identification of actors expected to cope with the problem, 4 modalities of social
control or the mechanisms the actors are expected to use to implement the solution to the problem. The aspects of Rapaports conceptual scheme are, 5
induced attitudes or psychological states which harmonize with the particular peace image, such as fear and pugnacity in the peace through strength image, and
6 the roles of international cooperation envisaged in the particular image that will help bring about peace or preserve it.
Interestingly Rapaport implies a range of peace concepts that are based on threat, induced fear and no international cooperation at one end peace through
strength, and based on integration, induced love and no international cooperation at the other end personal pacifism. In Rapaports scheme, the conception of
peace as “peace through strength” perceives external threat, uses threat as a means
12
Dr. Rapoport was born in Lozavaya, Russia on May 22, 1911. He came to the United States in 1922 and became a naturalized citizen in 1928. He received his BS in 1938, his MS in 1940, and his
PhD in 1941, all from the University of Chicago. He received an honorary LHD degree from the University of Western Michigan in 1971. Dr. Rapoport was a Ford Foundation fellow at the Institute
for Advanced Study of Behavioural Science during 1954 and 1955. Anonymous, A Biography of Rapoport
. Accessed on November 15, 2008. http:www.gwe.edu-ascpeopleRapaportbio.html.
Kategori