RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In chapter III, the researcher discusses the research methodology that is used in the research. This chapter contains seven sub chapters namely setting of the research, the subject of the research, the method of the research, the source of the data, technique of collecting the data, technique of analyzing the data, and trustworthiness.
A. The Setting of the Research
1. The Place of the Research
This research was conducted in English Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. This university is located in Jl. Ir. Sutami 26 Kentingan Solo 57216, Central Java. This department is located near by the Nurul Huda mosque in the back area of this university.
Belongs to PBS building, this department has to share the building with the other programs such as PLB, Indonesian Department, and Art Department. The building consists of three floors. The lecturers’ office can be found in the first floor which is integrated with Indonesian and Art Department. It is separated with some glass rooms of each department one to another.
This department has two labs. Both of them are located in the second floor. The first is called as Language Laboratory and the second one is Multimedia Laboratory. The language laboratory is commonly used for listening class. Meanwhile the multimedia laboratory is usually used for computer subject in particular semester. However, those two laboratories are often used by the lecturers to conduct ordinary teaching and learning process when the three classrooms are not available. There are some devices that can be found in the language laboratory such as a master console, which is completed with a computer set, cassette player and microphone. Moreover, there are also 24 booths for students (completed with headphone, chairs, a computer set, and microphone), TV, LCD, one white board, shoes rack, 7 lamps, two cupboards, 2 speakers active, and 2 units of AC. Meanwhile in the multimedia laboratory, there are 24 units of computer, server and master console, LCD projector, LCD screen, two speakers, handy cam, 25 web cam, 3 whiteboard, scanner, printer, digital camera, 3 AC (Air conditioner), visualizer, laptop, and security camera. There is no booth for students because this second lab is actually functioned as multimedia laboratory.
There are three classrooms located in the third floor. There is one door,
33 chairs for the students, one chair and table for the lecturer, and some windows 33 chairs for the students, one chair and table for the lecturer, and some windows
2. The Time of the Research
The research was conducted from the time the researcher proposed the title, proposed the proposal, did the research and up to the time when she collected the result of the study to the library. Below is the timeline of the research: Table 3.1 The Schedule of Doing the Research
Activities
Time
Pre-Research (Interview, Observation)
April 2009
Data gathering October 2009- November 2009 Data analysis
November 2009 Proposing the whole material
December 2009 Preparation of examination
January 2010
B. The Subject of the Research
The subjects of the research are the students coming from the fifth semester in English Department and the teaching instructors or lecturers using
Instructional Media in their teaching and learning process. The researcher took two students coming from the fifth semester as the informant for interview process and also three lecturers using Instructional Media in their teaching and learning process. The students are Fitria Meylana and Dinar Marfuah. Actually there are 20 lecturers in this department. They are 4 females and 16 males. Three of them will be the object of the observation and interview session dealing with the use of instructional media in teaching and learning process.
C. The Method of the Research
Doing a research means following certain methods as the guidance. The method used in this research is qualitative method since the material will be non- numerical oriented. As stated by Blaster et al. (1996: 60), qualitative research is concerned with collecting and analyzing information in many forms, chiefly non- numerical as possible. It is also supported by Strauss and Corbin (1990: 60) that qualitative research is any kind of research that produces finding not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of qualification.
This research uses the naturalistic approach emphasizing on natural setting. Lincoln and Guba (1985: 39-40) in Mulyana states the characteristics of natural approach as follows:
1. The researcher is the instrument
2. The reality of human being is inseparable from their context and their parts. They are whole in parts.
3. The use of tacit knowledge is valid
4. the result of the research which is negotiated is important
5. the interpretation of data is ideographic and specific
6. the result of the research is tentative The reason why qualitative research is chosen is in order to get better understanding about the use of instructional media in teaching and learning process occurring in this English Department.
D. Source of the Data
Source of the data is subject where the data are got (Arikunto, 1984: 107). According to Sutopo (2002), qualitative data sources include informants, activities and events, places or locations, things and kinds of pictures and records, and documents and texts. Meanwhile, Lofland and Lofland (1989: 47) in Moleong (2002: 112) state that the main sources of data in qualitative research are words, behaviors, and the rests are the supplementary data such as document. Therefore, the data of this research is taken through three kinds of sources as follows:
1. Events Events refer to the activities occurring in certain period of time. In this case, the events are taken from observation when students and lecturers are in teaching and learning process in the classroom and in the laboratory. The writer conducted one observation in the classroom and four observations in the language laboratory.
Table 3.2: the schedule of observation process Observation
Day and date
Time
1 st observation
Tuesday, 13 Oktober 2009
12:50 – 14:30 WIB
2 nd observation
Wednesday, 21 Oktober 2009
16:00 – 17:00 WIB
3rd observation
Wednesday, 28 Oktober 2009
10:45 – 12:15 WIB
4 th observation
Wednesday, 30 Oktober 2009
09:06 – 10:17 WIB
5 th observation
Thursday, 5 November 2009
07:14 – 08:35 WIB
2. Informant Informant refers to the person involved in the events. In this research, the respondents who are involved are three lecturers using instructional media in their teaching and learning process and two students from the fifth semester of this English Department.
3. Document Analysis
Document analysis is all of written information, such as books, diary, journal and so on. It is also stated by Sutopo (2002: 69) that written document are sources of research data, which often have important role in qualitative research. Yin (1987) in Sutopo called this technique content analysis. Besides writing, he explains content. The writer analyzed the inventory document of instructional media in this English Department to know the kinds of instructional media that is available.
Document was used in research for some reasons: document is source of research data which is stable, rich, and sustainable. It is evidence to a testy and it has natural characteristics so it is appropriate for qualitative research.
E. Technique of Collecting the Data
A method of data collection is the procedure that a researcher uses to physically obtain research data from research participants (Christensen and Johnson, 2000: 153). The purpose of data collection is to let the writer acquires information needed to answer the research question formulated before. In this research, the writer collects the data using qualitative method consisting of observational and non-observational technique. Observational techniques consist of observations and field notes, while non-observational techniques consist of interviews and document.
1. Observational techniques for collecting the data
a. Observation Based on Burns (1999: 80), observation is a kind of activities that enables researchers to document and reflect systematically upon classroom interactions and events, as they actually occur rather than as we think they occur. In this research, the writer a. Observation Based on Burns (1999: 80), observation is a kind of activities that enables researchers to document and reflect systematically upon classroom interactions and events, as they actually occur rather than as we think they occur. In this research, the writer
b. Field notes Notes or field notes are descriptions and accounts of events in the research context that are written in relatively factual and objective style (Burns, 1999: 87). The researcher makes notes of five observations. The researcher makes note to all activities during the lesson, and notes the students’ reaction and response to the learning while lecturer are explaining using or without using instructional media.
2. Non-observational techniques for collecting the data
a. Interview The researcher conducts interview in order to get direct information from the informant. In this research, the writer a. Interview The researcher conducts interview in order to get direct information from the informant. In this research, the writer
b. Document Analysis The major reason for the writer to do this analysis is to complete the information which has been gained from observation and interview. The writer in this research analyses the inventory document of the instructional media.
F. Technique of Analyzing the Data
After collecting the data, the researcher analyzes the data. The process of analysis is done continually as long as the research is conducted. In this research, the writer uses interactive model of analysis in analyzing the data. This data analysis includes three stages namely the data reduction, the data presentation/display and the conclusion drawing/verification (Sugiyono, 2008: 337).
1. The data reduction The data reduction covers the process of taking and selecting the right data based on the criteria that have been stated previously. In data reduction, the researcher is guided by the purpose of the research. The data reduction of this research consists of selecting and determining the appropriate interview or document analysis results.
2. The data presentation/data display In qualitative research, the data display can be done in the form of short narration, chart, flowchart, etc. Miles and Huberman (1984) in Sugiyono (2008: 341) state “the most frequent form of display data for qualitative research data in the past has been narrative text. Looking at the data display will help understand what is happening and do some thing – further analysis or caution on that understanding (Miles and Huberman (1984) in Sugiyono, 2008: 341).
3. Conclusion drawing/verification After describing and interpreting, the researcher makes general view toward the result of the interpretation. The conclusion then is constructed based on the general view. The conclusion can be description of an object that is not clear before the research will be conducted, can be causal interaction, hypothesis, or theory
(Sugiyono, 2008: 345). The conclusion of this research will be the description of the use of instructional media in teaching and learning process and its effect toward the students.
The analysis can be displayed through the following diagram:
Collecting data
Reduction of the
Presentation of the data
data
Conclusion
(Miler and Huberman in Sutopo, 2002: 96) Figure 3.1 The Diagram of Interactive Model of Analysis.
G. Trustworthiness
Qualitative research does not use the term of validity and reliability to check the data. It concerns to the trustworthiness of the research. Meanwhile, in this research the trustworthiness techniques used are:
1. Perseverance of the researcher Perseverance is the effort done by the researcher to consistently interpret the data with constant and tentative analysis process (Moleong, 2000: 177). The researcher observed the data into the most detail thing until achieving a certain point.
2. Triangulation It is the use of the other aspects to check or compare the data (Moleong: 2000: 178). In this research, the triangulation technique used is triangulation through source. It means comparing and checking the information through different time and tools of qualitative method (Patton, 1987: 331) in Moleong (2000: 178). The comparing can be done by the interview’s data and observation’s data.