Hypothesis REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

29 population.” Since the population is too large to be studied, the researcher can use sample which is taken from the population. According to Creswell 2005, there are two types of quantitative sampling strategies, namely probability sampling and nonprobability sampling. Probability sampling consists of simple random sampling, stratified sampling and multistage cluster sampling while nonprobability sampling consists of convenience sampling and snowball sampling Creswell, 2005. In this research, the researcher used probability sampling and the technique which is used to select the sample is by using simple random sampling. According to Creswell 2005, probability sampling is used as representative of the sample in order to generalize the population. Besides, the researcher used random sampling because “random sampling demands that each member must have an equal chance of being excluded and that no member of the population may be systematically excluded .” Sprinthall, 1991, p. 28. The researcher chose one class which was become the representative as the sample of this research, which is class 8A of SMP BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta. The researcher only chose one class because class 8A shared the major population characteristics. There are 30 students in class 8A which will be used as the sample in this research. Figure 3.2 Populations and Sample Target Population sample sample 30 Notes: Population : 8 th grade students of SMP BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta Sample : class 8A of SMP BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

In this section, the researcher presents the instruments and data gathering technique. This section consists of two parts. The first part presents the instruments of the research. The second part presents the data gathering technique of the research. 1. Instruments According to Arikunto 2010, an instrument is a way to facilitate the researcher to gather the data. There are some instrument varieties which become the method in collecting the data and they are interview, observation, questionnaire and documentation. Another instrument that is used to gather the data was in the form of test, such as matching test, speaking test, and writing test Sudarsono, 1998. Furthermore, Ary et al. 2010, p. 201 also state “a test is a set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit responses on the basis of which a numer ical score can be assigned.” In order to gain the source of the data, this research used four kinds of instruments. The instruments were the observation, the metacognitive learning strategies questionnaire, the writing test and the interview.

a. Observation

The researcher used the observation as the first instrument in this research see Appendix 7. The observation which was employed by the researcher was naturalistic observation. It involves observing the participants in their natural PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI