Data Gathering Technique Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

38

a. Validity

Acording to Fraenkel and Wallen 2008, p. 453, “Validity refers to the appropriateness, meaningfulness, and usefulness of the inferences a researcher makes.” In other words, the questionnaire is valid if the statements of the questionnaire are able to reveal what is claimed to measure. There are three main types of validity which are content-related evidence of validity, criterion-related evidence of validity and construct-related evidence of validity Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008. Content- related evidence of validity is “validity that is estimated by testing the content of the instrument by using rational analysis or personal judgem ent” Azwar, 2001. In other words, the content that researcher wants to test should be the representative sample. According to Fraenkel and Wallen 2008, criterion-related evidence of validity is related to the relationship between scores obtain using the instrument and one or more other instruments or measures. It refers to the validity of the instruments if there is a relationship between two instruments. Constructed-rela ted evidence of validity refers to “the nature of the physiological construct or characteristics being measured by the instrument” Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008. It means the procedure of data collection whether the variable being measured in the questionnaire underlies the current theories or not. Therefore, the instruments which are measured in the research are implied by theoretical definition. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 39 In this research, Pearson‟s product moment correlation was used to get the validity of the questionnaire items Azwar, 2001 and the formula is shown below. Figure 3.3 Pearson’s Product-moment Correlation Formula Notes: r xy = the Pearson‟s product-moment correlation X = the scores of Metacognitive Learning Strategies distribution Y = the scores of students‟ writing skills distribution N = the number of paired Metacognitive Learning Strategies and students‟ writing skills scores subjects

b. Reliability

According to Fraenkel Wallen 2008, the reliability relates to “the consistency of the scores obtained-how consistent they are for each individual from one set of item to another” p. 453. It refers to the reliability of the questionnaire whether the responses of the subjects are consistent from time to time. Furthermore, there are many procedures to test the reliability of a questionnaire, which are retest method, equivalent-forms method, and internal- consistency methods Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008. In this research, in order to find out the reliability of the questionnaire, the researcher use Cronbrach‟s coefficient alpha to analyse the data which is included in internal-consistency. According to Fraenkel Wallen 2008, in calculating the reliability of items in some essay tests where it is possible to have more than one answer and that are not scored right versus wrong, the Cronbrach‟s coefficient alpha is used. In other words, the Cronbrach‟s coefficient alpha is used to find out the reliability of an � = Σ − Σ Σ . Σ − Σx . Σ − Σ 40 instrument that the items scores are not 1 or 0, for example the questionnaire or the essay tests. Below is the formula of Cronbrach‟s coefficient alpha. Figure 3.4 Cronbrach’s Coefficient Alpha Formula Notes: r 11 = the instrument reliability k = the number of items ∑ = the sum of the variances of the items score = the sum of the variance of the test score all k items

E. Data Analysis Technique

The aim of this research is to find out the relationship betwee n students‟ writing skills and metacognitive learning strategies in class 8A of SMP BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta. The data analysis which was used to know the relationship between stu dents‟ writing skills and metacognitive learning strategies in class 8A of SMP BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta is by using the Pearson‟s Product-moment Simple Correlation formula. Therefore, in order to analyse the data, the researcher did normality test and linearity test as the data analysis technique.

1. Normality Test

The normality test was used to see whether the data of the variables were normality distributed or not. The normal distribution of the variables would be tested using Kolmogorof-Smirnov test. Figure 3.5 Kolmogorof-Smirnov Tests � = � � − 1 1 − ∑ � � � � � � = � � � − � PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 41 Notes: D n = the maximum deviation F nx = the sample distribution function F x = the specific population distribution function

2. Linearity Test

The linearity test was used to see whether the relationship between the two variables was linear or not. The formula for linearity test is shown below: Figure 3.6 Linearity Test Notes: F reg = the value of the regression line N = the sample size m = number of predictor R = the correlation coefficient

F. Research Procedure

In order to conduct this research, the researcher did several procedures in this research. Below is the explanation of how the research was conducted.

1. Observing the teaching and learning activities in SMP BOPKRI 1

Yogyakarta Before conducting the research, the researcher did the observation during the teaching practice in SMP BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta. The observation was conducted on Wednesday, 12 th August 2015 to record the teaching and learning activity that might help the researcher in the research. � ��� = � − − 1 1 − � PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI